Poulantzas’ Approach To The Capitalist State The WritePass Journal

Poulantzas’ Approach To The Capitalist State Theoretical Poulantzas’ Approach To The Capitalist State ). He is additionally generally acclaimed for his Althusseran record of the States relative self-rule. The best intrigue of his state hypothesis can be found in Britain as clear with the New Left Review which has eagerly taken up his motivation (Clarke 1991). Despite the fact that Nicos Poulantzas has on numerous events been referenced by the composed left, particularly comparable to the state banter with Ralph Miliband and his help for Structural Marxism; it ought to be noticed that neither of these settings gives a precise portrayal of this dynamic mastermind (Walsh 2012). For instance, the Miliband banter gives just a little impression of Poulantzas’ hypothesis of entrepreneur state. In spite of being a prestigious Marxist political humanist, little is thought about his hypothesis of the state. Regularly, he is named as a class-battle reductionist or structuralist; articulations that both neglect to catch his unpredictable hypothesis of the state (Tabak 1999). While his hypothesis is only occasionally talked about in specific regions of the scholarly circles; note that he is among the most significant post-war scholars particularly to those that look to propel Marxist state speculations past rough instrumentalism and subjectivism (Walsh 2012). Consequently, this paper gives an increasingly adjusted depiction of Poulantzas’s hypothesis of the industrialist state. Specifically, the paper breaks down the idea of the entrepreneur state from Poulantzas’ point of view and investigates how his pathbreaking examination gives significant experiences to understanding the conduct of the state and the states structure. Also, the paper looks at the political ramifications of his view. The force alliance So as to get an away from of Poulantzas’s state hypothesis, it is essential to initially analyze the force coalition. For each general public, there is a variety of classes that structure the prevailing and ruled classes. In this regard, Poulantzas noticed that the monetarily predominant class could just build up political strength in the general public through the entrepreneur state (Walsh 2012). He considered this gathering of predominant class the force alliance which involves the industrialist class and the monetarily ground-breaking classes. The interests of the force coalition are heteros and the make-up and equalization of powers in the force alliance differ from state to state (Walsh 2012). Certainly, for each general public, there will consistently be conflicting and contending interests particularly among the diverse decision classes. Given the disparate interests of the force alliance, it turns into the states essential job to guarantee that such clashing interests inside the force coalition don't sabotage the strength of the coalition all in all nor present danger to solidarity. It along these lines turns into the job of the state to bind together and sort out the different classes and to maintain their political advantages without presenting danger to solidarity. It follows that the class contrasts inside the force alliance ought not ruin the states undertaking of keeping up solidarity and the subordinance of the inferior classes. Poulantzas, in this regard, sees the state as assuming a functioning job in the generation of relations and support of class-progressive business as usual (Kalyvas 1999). Globalization and the State The current writing accessible on globalization takes an increasingly liberal perspective on the State, the view that the State is a regional foundation with unified command over its regions (Tabak 1999). As indicated by the liberal view, the state is treated as a substance with its own remarkable force. In this manner the intensity of the state becomes released when multinationals leave its region (Tabak 1999).â Others, sharing a comparative view, contend that when multinationals leave the state’s region, the state may not really become frail as insufficient capital has gotten away from the regional states area to make it out of date (Lenin 2012).â This paper, in any case, challenges this view from Poulantzas’s viewpoint of the state. The paper contends that these methodologies neglect to distinguish the wellspring of the State’s independence. Poulantzas’s state hypothesis In the state hypothesis, Poulantzas appears to be less worried to negate liberal equitable hypothesis but instead censures the socialist customary of state imposing business model private enterprise (Kalyvas 1999). Against this thought the state is a flexible instrument of imposing business model capital, Poulantzas rejects the liberal pluralistic-functionalist approaches and draws the consideration of standard political theory to his mind boggling social hypothesis (Kalyvas 1999). As indicated by Nicos Poulantzas, the intensity of the state isn't kept in a pretty much sound on-screen character/establishment and its inclination is free of its territoriality (Kalyvas 1999). The states institutionalism is an impression of the conflicting social relations and the state draws its capacity from these (Kalyvas 1999). The state’s presence is along these lines driven by opposing social relations and can be seen as a regulated force relationship that rises above the national region and the regional country; the two of which are not basic for its reality. Poulantzas state hypothesis reaffirms the view that the political domain is autonomous and isn't, as enunciated in old style Marxism, an impression of the financial domain. He thinks about the states self-governance as focal in all conditions and autonomous of its domain. As indicated by Poulantzas, the state is by definition an industrialist state, which comprises the political solidarity of the predominant classes, subsequently setting up them as prevailing (Poulantzas 2000:â p.77 ). He dismisses the alleged instrumentalist point of view enunciated by Miliband on grounds that the states self-governance is free of the decision class and contends that the state is certainly not a minor instrument of the decision or predominant class, however is rather a different substance with its own plan. This state hypothesis created by Poulantzas has its underlying foundations in his political hypothesis which proposes a provincial way to deal with comprehension and breaking down the various levels in a social development: political, monetary and ideological levels (Poulantzas 2000). His initial work was, nonetheless, subject to analysis in light of the fact that it was seriously functionalist, neglecting to show precisely how the state satisfies its job as the factor of union (Rooksby 2012). Pundits additionally contended that Poulantzas’s approach introduced the political and financial areas as unmistakable as opposed to just systematically (Rooksby 2012). Analysis was likewise raised on grounds that his accentuation on deciding the job of auxiliary framework in the industrialist society couldn't in any way, shape or form be joined with the possibility of unexpected class battle (Rooksby 2012). Poulantzas later work, state, power, communism, is unmistakably increasingly better than his initial work and speaks to a meaningful step forward in his reasoning. In this last work, this Greek Marxist humanist rejects the Althusseran underpinnings accordingly beating a significant number of the analysis raised with his initial work. The beginning stage of the examination of the entrepreneur state shifts from the presumption of a determinant auxiliary network to one that inspects the idea of relations of creation in the industrialist method of creation (Rooksby 2012). With a move in center, Poulantzas had the option to build up an increasingly improved hypothesis of the state. In this last piece, he gives a splendid investigation of private enterprise by conceptualizing an express that emerges and thinks force and one that gives political space to class battle (Poulantzas 2000). His examination recognizes the state as both the crystallization and locus of class battle. On one side,â â there is a class battle over the association of creation, information and over state’s juridical contraptions (Poulantzas 2000). It in this way turns into the states job to reintegrate and bind together isolated and individualized laborers into one country. On the opposite side, this combination happens with regards to class battle and the state and different foundations are a result of such battle (Poulantzas 2000). His hypothesis of the state is because of the oversimplified understandings inside Marxism which placed that the state was a simple impression of the prevailing class and that state strategy was an immediate articulation of this decision class political will (Clarke 1991). In the Marxist plan, the prevailing class is one that claims or controls the methods for creation; and one in which its inclinations the state compares (Clarke 1991). That implies that the prevailing class may utilize the state power as an instrument to accomplish its strength in the general public. Poulantzas couldn't help contradicting the Instrumentalist Marxist view and rather contended that the entrepreneur class was more centered around singular benefit as opposed to keeping up classs power overall (Poulantzas 2000). Against the instrumentalist approach, Poulantzas contends that the state is to a greater degree a material buildup of the relationship among the different classes and that characteristic class battle of the industrialist framework is designed into the states centralized server, in this way the states activities and strategy can't be exclusively directed by the decision class (Poulantzas 2000). Owing a significant obligation to the idea of ‘cultural hegemony’ verbalized by Antonio Gramsci; Poulantzas likewise contends that the stifling developments of the abused are in no way, shape or form the states sole capacity (Salomon 2012). He contends that rather the state power acquires assent of the persecuted through class coalitions, wherein the decision class makes a partnership with the mistreated gatherings so as to get their assent. As indicated by Poulantzas, the state is neither an instrumentalist store of the decision class-power nor a subject with its own theoretical force; however is somewhat the focal point of the activity of intensity. Ramifications of this view Drawing from the abovementioned, it tends to be contended that th

20s And 30s Essay Example For Students

20s And 30s Essay At the point when numerous individuals study history and take in the mix-ups from the past, it is simpler to ready to comprehend the present. All things considered, it isn't sufficient to just investigation the occasions that have happened. By changing the ominous occasions that prompted despair and proceeding with the advantages to society, one can comprehend why they occur and better what's to come. In the United States in the mid 1920s, another stage showed up with various developments in the territories of legislative issues, financial aspects, society, culture, and international strategy. By the occasions that prompted the 1930s, new rages had created in a significant number of these regions, while different regions stayed in congruity. From the 1920s to the 1930, there were a few factors that added to the adjustments in American culture. The 1920s started not long after in World War I when the United States and the Allies vanquished the Germans in 1918. Numerous Americans were tired of Woodrow Wilson, the 28th president from 1913 to 1921. The primary appointment of the 1920s scoured Republican Warren G. Harding against Democrat James M. Cox. Cox upheld Wilson and the League of Nations in the political decision. In any case, Harding won the political decision in an avalanche, which was an indication of Americas disappointment with Wilson and his idealistic and liberal approaches. The beginning of the new moderate time reestablished the ability to the Republicans after the presidential appointment of the 1920. Harding made many astounding arrangements to his bureau in spite of the fact that he neglected to exhibit to have a lot of knowledge. Charles Evans Hughes was selected to be the Secretary of State, Andrew W. Mellon delegated as the Secretary of the Treasury and as pioneer of the Commerce Department, and Herbert Hoover knock up the 1920s to another level. Then again, Harding additionally delegated a portion of the most exceedingly awful situations for office. He delegated Albert B. Fall as the Secretary of the Interior. The Teapot Dome Scandal or the Oil Reserves Scandal Simon, 3/8/00 encompassed the mystery renting of the government oil holds by Fall. He subtly allowed the Mammoth Oil Company selective rights to the Teapot Dome saves in Wyoming after President Harding moved oversight of the maritime oil save lands from the naval force to him. While this embarrassment entered American legislative issues as an image of administrative debasement, it had minimal long haul impact on the Republican Party. For the occasion, Harding began the preservationist pattern of legislative issues during the 1920s. Harding passed on during before he could complete his administration in 1923, and Vice President Calvin Coolidge accepting the workplace as President. He passed on the temperances of profound quality, trustworthiness, and economy to the administration. Coolidge was exceptionally implied turn. Coolidge followed the staying of Hardings hands-off approaches and was reappointed in the 1924 political decision. The United States had perhaps the best time of flourishing regularly during his administration from 1923 to 1929. At the point when Coolidge chose not to run again in the 1928 political race, the Republican selection went to Herbert Hoover who handily won the activity as the new President. Since he was an independent tycoon, Hoover was not exactly as preservationist as Harding or Coolidge. Then again, numerous history specialists accept that if the Depression had not happened he would presumably have been a decent president. Afterward, Americans loathed Hoover since he neglected to settle the countries inconveniences out of the Depression. The United States grasped a free enterprise approach in the economy during the 1920s. In Hardings hands off arrangement, the administration didn't intercede with people groups organizations and helped them benefit. Hostile to believe laws were stayed away from, and the United States was owing debtors from the primary Great War. The Secretary of Treasury, Mellon, immensely decreased expenses, which moved the economy in light of the fact that there was more cash to spend. In the long run, the United States benefitted in more cash to take care of the gigantic obligation. The United States additionally implemented an enormous duty that would urge Americans to purchase local items as opposed to purchasing imported merchandise from remote countries. Extraordinary mechanical advances were additionally made during the 1920s. Creations, for example, vehicles and radios improved the standard for the normal man. These innovations just as the traditionalist financial arrangements added to an immense monetary blast. The economy experienced development of 7 to 10 percent for a long time of the 1920s. Afterward, a significant number of the monetary strategies in the decade would prompt peril particularly in the financial exchange. The countries absolute salary rose from $74.3 billion out of 1923 to $89 billion out of 1929. Be that as it may, the awards of the Coolidge Prosperity of the 1920s were not shared equally among all Americans. In 1929, the top 0.1 rates of Americans had a joined salary equivalent to the base 42%. That equivalent top 0.1 rates of Americans in 1929 controlled 34% all things considered, while 80% of Americans had no reserve funds by any stretch of the imagination. Wages expanded at a rate one fourth as quick as eff iciency expanded. As creation costs fell rapidly, compensation rose gradually, and costs stayed consistent, the mass advantage of the expanded efficiency went into corporate benefits. free interpretation from Simon, 3/14/00 Also, everyone was purchasing on edge, a specific rate for an offer that would in the long run pick up or lose cash more than paid for. Millions had lost a lot of cash to take care of their obligations and were jobless. The Great Depression was the most exceedingly terrible financial decrease ever in U.S. history. It started in late 1929 and kept going about 10 years. Through A Narrow Chink: An Ethical Dilemma EssayPresident Roosevelt began the New Deal Program that was started by three Rs: help, recuperation, and change. Inside his initial hundred days, he had passed an incredible number of bills like the deserting of the best quality level, the government Emergency Relief Act, and the making of Public Works Administration, the National Recovery Administration, and the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation. During his first term, the New Deal had little course and was not extremely liberal until some other time. He bolstered the associations and laborers, while estranging the rich. He passed laws, for example, Social Security and a bill to give ranchers sponsorships. He likewise passed the Wagner Act, which ensured laborers rights to frame associations and to aggregate haggling. Right now in time, the New Deal settled numerous issues in America, however it was not every one of the a triumph. It didn't lift the United States out of Depression. It is frequently reprimanded for having no heading Simon, 4/1/00, however it may have spared the United States from socialism. Roosevelt has been known as a virtuoso of co-optationSimon, 4/1/00 in light of the fact that he acquired others radical thoughts and made them into his own customary thoughts. He made such a significant number of government offices, which took over a great part of the private area. Socially, America came back to convention during the 1930s in coherence. Numerous Americans felt that the downturn of the 1930s filled in as Gods discipline for the erring of the 1920s. Ladies were put to remain at home and were constrained out of employments so men could accept them have those open doors. Joblessness arrived at an unequaled high. Society turned out to be progressively traditionalist on the grounds th at there was less relaxation time accessible. There were likewise less demands during the 1930s. For instance, denial was canceled with the 21st Amendment in 1933, a lot to the delight of numerous Americans. It was revoked for two reasons. One, individuals had concluded that the negative perspectives out gauged the positive, and two, the nation was entering the Great Depression. It was imagined that delivering and selling liquor would make more employments and help support the economy. During the 1930s there was to a lesser extent a separation between high culture and mainstream society. Scholars currently centered around the worry for the regular man and the requirement for men to join for the benefit of all. Probably the most popular authors during the 1930s were John Steinbeck, John Dos Passos, and James T. Farrell while F. Scott Fitzgerald blurred away. Ernest Hemmingway changed his style and stayed well known. Craftsmanship, appointed by the New Deal, would in general be progre ssively practical. Enormous and overpowering wall paintings were prevailing, and photography additionally got mainstream. Specialists concentrated on the regular man. Old style music turned out to be increasingly sensible. Aaron Coplands Fanfare best embodies this for the normal man. During the 1930s, high culture affected mainstream society. It offered a departure into the high and colorful life. Famous actors like Ginger Rogers, Cary Grant, and Fred Astaire offered a getaway from the cruelty of life. Jazz was as yet the well known type of music, yet it progressed into Big Bands, jazz symphonies that played in a dance hall while individuals would move to them. The somber financial circumstance shut the hole among high and mainstream society. From the 1920s to the 1930s, international strategy was the one component that continued as before in America. Indeed, Americas confinement extended. During the downturn, America needed to support its economy. The Hawley-Smoot levy, the biggest tax at any point utilized by the United States, was passed to urge individuals to purchase American. In counter to the duty, different nations forced their own levies. The high levy of American fares really hurt the economy. During the 1930s America was resolved to avoid any contentions because of its neutralist strategy. This extraordinary separation was brought about by the downturn. The United States looked on as Japan attacked China, Italy attacked Ethiopia, the Fascists took over Spain, and Germanys Nazi Party attacked portions of Eastern Europe. It wasnt until the late 1930s that Franklin D. Roosevelt understood that it was important to escape this arrangement and get included. Finally, from the 1920s to the 1930s, the economy caused the change and congruity in America. Moderate governmental issues delivered the financial blast during the 1920s and endured the whole decade. Society turned out to be extremely liberal as a result of the riches and the a lot of recreation time. The incredible gap among low and high culture shows the gap between classes. The longing to keep the blast inside Amer

Buying Online Vs. Buying in Person

Buying Online Vs. Buying in Person Shopping is always an exciting and unique experience for us. It’s the special time we set aside to acquire something we desire with our hard-earned money.The modern customer is spoiled with choices.Head to a favorite apparel store and check out the latest fashion garments.This old-fashioned way of retail shopping is still a popular pick.With the turn of the century, eCommerce has undoubtedly invaded our homes, no longer do we have to leave the comfort of our homes. In our busy lives, many of us choose to shop online.Now the million-dollar question â€" which is an advantageous way to shop? â€" Retail or Online?Cleverism helps you clear all your shopping doubts with a unique in-depth comparison.A GLIMPSE INTO THE WORLD OF ONLINE SHOPPINGHow big is online shopping exactly? Let’s demonstrate a few statistics to paint a picture.The following report was conducted by PwC’s annual survey of consumer behavior and as such the report is based on survey feedback.70% of Chinese shoppers pre ferred to shop online once a week40% of European and American shoppers preferred to shop online once a week90% of online shoppers did their entertainment shopping online â€" books, music, and movies.49% of respondents were attracted to deals and promotions17% of online shoppers would begin following the brand after buying a product they liked26% of online shoppers bought products based on their friend or family’s recommendation17% of online shoppers went on to refer their recently purchased product to friends and family28% of online shoppers were interested in purchasing a brand-new product that launched5% of respondents shopped due to the convenience of having customer service via social mediaThe report was conducted in 2013 when online shopping was still in its infancy.In 2018, the United States alone had an astonishing revenue of $501-million in online sales. This figure is expected to increase to $740 million by 2023. A rise of over $200 million in just 5 years.Why do shoppers prefer online platforms?What are the benefits of being an online shopper? What are the disadvantages of an online shopper? Lets dig deep into the consumer’s mind and find out the real reasons.ADVANTAGES OF ONLINE SHOPPINGWith eCommerce tightening its grasp around the neck of consumers, the increase in online shopping is apparent with each passing year.The internet surely has its part to play in revolutionizing the way we acquire our daily needs as well as our luxuries.After all, the ease of adding items to your cart and hitting ‘Checkout’ is beloved by millions.Here are 6 brief reasons why consumers prefer online shopping.1. For the ConvenienceGoing to an actual physical store is a demanding task.It requires you to shower, put on your best clothes, pamper yourself with the finest perfume and groom every strand of your hair to the perfect angle.While buying online requires â€" well nothing at all.Online shopping can be done in your pajamas, in your wedding dress or if you pref er, in nature’s modest attire.Ecommerce dispels all the suspense from your shopping experience and provides you with an efficient way to browse through various brands without store hopping, saving copious amounts of time.Online marketplaces are always open 24/7 and don’t have working hours. This flexible factor is the biggest positive in the modern world of convenience.Digital items like video games and music can be downloaded instantly without the need for plastic or any physical packaging, thus promoting an eco-friendly way to shop.Digital items are also on-demand and you’ll have full access to your product within seconds of purchasing them.Avoid those lengthy shipping times!2. Effortless Price-to-Value ComparisonsWhen buying a product, you undoubtedly compare it with another brand to get the best value and price.In a physical store, you’ll have to gather the items together and individually find out the difference between them.And even then, the specifications aren’t cle ar to your purpose.An online store helps the consumer by listing all the specifications and product measurements in detail. This provides the buyer with enough information to choose between different products instantaneously.Take, for example, you’ve decided to buy a television set and are at a crossroads while deciding between the top 3 brands â€" Sony, Samsung, and Panasonic. By simply pulling over a price comparison chart with the product specifications, you’ll receive information on all 3 products in one single view screen. This allows you to judge which TV brand is the right one for you in a matter of minutes.In a physical store, you’d have to arrange all 3 television sets together to get an understanding, and most stores aren’t willing to go through the hassle. Hence, you’re left at the mercy of a store representative and their recommendation.Another advantage of eCommerce shopping are reviews left by shoppers to assist you with a product.Websites like Amazon and Wal mart have a star rating system to help other buyers decide if the product is of high quality or not.3. Discreet PurchasesAs humans, the way others perceive us is extremely important in a social living space. Hence, we live dignified lives in society while we explore our inner desires in private.That’s where online shopping comes in.With adult toys, provocative undergarments, and sexual wellness products filling up the shelves of online stores, it makes it comfortable for someone to explore their sinful cravings without the constant paranoia of society’s judging eyes on them.Privacy in online shopping is one of the biggest reasons consumers prefer to shop online rather than a physical store.Choosing an online experience eliminates the chance encounter of a nosy neighbor during one of your off-road shopping trips.4. Discounts and Promotions via Personalized WishlistThere’s no reliable way to find out about the latest product releases if you aren’t visiting your local mall ever y weekend. Doing so in a digital world is painful with so many websites.The modern shopper has a quick fix to this problem.Simply whip out your smartphone and browse through all the categories with the latest products and sales listed. Utilize the various filters to streamline your experience.Thanks to wishlists, never miss out on price drops or hourly sales on your favorite items because you were too busy getting your teeth whitened at the dentist.A watchlist or wish list is when you add an item that isn’t on sale into a specific list of items that you wish to buy in the future. Many online stores provide you with alerts when the price of the item drops, or a discount coupon is available to use.Online shopping can save you a lot of money when you shop during sales. Many of the sales are usually customized around festive seasons like â€" Halloween and Christmas.5. No Crowds No Sales PressureA marketplace is a daunting place for people that hate crowds. Especially, during the holid ay season, when you head up to your local mall only to be greeted by a frenzy of people.Apart from expecting a delayed delivery, online shopping sites don’t have any inconvenience of dealing with a large crowd of people.Their websites are updated to handle a horde of shoppers with minimal downtime.Another aspect that makes online shopping accessible is avoiding pesky salesmen that pressure you to buy a product.Socially anxious individuals often fall prey to sales pressure and make a purchase that they later wish they didn’t.This form of sales interaction is entirely avoidable with no salesmen present when you shop online.6. Gifting is PainlessIt’s Father’s Day! Unfortunately, you’ve forgotten to purchase a gift for your dear dad.To make matters worse, it’s also the middle of the night and no reputed store worth their money would be selling a worthy present for your dad at this ungodly hour.Don’t sweat it! With just a click away and over a million specialized gifting op tions to choose from, occasions are no longer a chore for online shoppers.Whether it’s a wedding anniversary or Valentine’s day, online stores are equipped to offer their customers a range of gift wrappers and ensure your loved ones receive their gifts on time.This makes it an incredibly convenient way to gift family and friends who live over long distances or in different countries.Many online shoppers provide gift vouchers or gift cards that can be topped up with their preferred currency. This allows for a more personalized gifting experience that allows the recipient to choose a product from their own wishlist.DISADVANTAGES OF ONLINE SHOPPINGWe’d be lying if we told you there were no flaws in the online shopping experience.In fact, many of these red flags appear much more commonly with a billion people choosing online shopping as their preferred way to purchase products.Let’s unfold these drawbacks.1. Credit Card TheftsSure, having your purse or wallet stolen while shoppi ng at the mall is likely.But it’s unlikely that the thief is going to be using your credit card minutes after stealing it.And it’s even more unlikely for you to go hours before noticing that your precious plastic card is stolen.All it takes is a call to your bank’s customer support to have your card blocked before any damage has been done.Unfortunately, it’s not as simple when you shop online.Online shopping is a thriving ground for virtual pickpocketers. In a report by Experian, credit card fraud increased by a whopping 30% from 2016 to 2017.Most of the attacks take place when shoppers enter their credit card information on online sites that aren’t encrypted. A non-encrypted site is like living in a house without a door â€" anyone can sneak a peek and there isn’t any privacy.Having your credit card information stolen leaves you exposed to data breach and lets criminals utilize your card multiple times before you know what’s happening.Apart from losing money, credit ca rds have personal information regarding your identity. In 2017, Javelin Research demonstrated that credit cards are among the leading causes of identity theft in the United States leaving 16.7 million shoppers affected.2. Delayed ShippingPicture the following example.After placing an online order for a top-of-the-line Gibson electric guitar, you excitedly spend the entire night playing air riffs with an invisible guitar. The joy is limitless, purchasing something you’ve always wanted is a thrilling affair.The next day you wait by the window and hope for the familiar dress code of your logistics guy to pop up in the distance. After waiting anxiously for a few hours, you glance through the details of your delivery order to see if the delivery date is right.The date seems to be perfect, what could be wrong?Tragically, you’re a victim of delayed shipping. It’s only a matter of time before you receive an apologetic message from your logistics partner on your product being delayed d ue to unforeseen circumstances. The excitement level has all but diminished. You immediately call the customer support and after a few unpleasant conversations, the huge mistake of purchasing online over your retail store is apparent.Welcome to an online experience that numerous individuals face daily and are the bane of good shopping experience.Delayed shipping is a deal-breaker. Especially, when it takes a few minutes to head down to your local store and buy the item.Unfortunately, many online stores don’t usually offer a cancellation after shipping the product unless a valid reason is provided. This leaves you with no choice but to collect your product when it reaches you.Customers are usually at the mercy of the eCommerce site and their logistics partner. It’s even worse when you’ve prepaid for the product.3. Hidden Costs, No After-Sales Assistance, Lack of Bargaining PowerThe very advantages that make an effortless shopping experience is a disadvantage when the need aris es.While we don’t want pesky salespeople at our faces advertising products to us, we can’t deny that there are positives to take away from this.For example â€" a product demonstration is important if you wish to know what your product is capable of without having buyer’s remorse. And more reasons are listed below.Online products have a wall of text of products followed by an advertising video that doesn’t say much about them. The customer doesn’t physically feel the product, nor do they understand the flaws.Many online products have a ‘No-return’ policy, and you’re stuck with what you buy. This makes online shopping quite the gamble.On the off chance your item reaches you in a broken condition, not all online sellers honor the replacement policy and you must follow through with several emails back and forth leaving you wasting your time.Also, you’re unable to bargain the price of the item below the price tag shown, and that’s where the online marketplace reflects a place that favors sellers.Unlike retail stores, there isn’t any sales representative to give you an after-sales service of the product and this strips the buyer from their purchasing power.Clothing products when bought in a retail store provide a trial room to try out. Online shopping requires you to ship the product if the size doesn’t fit. It may take days to weeks for you to receive an exchange.4. Don’t be Lured by Pretty Product ImagesOne aspect that online stores repeatedly do is to polish and add intensifying pictures on their home and product page to lure consumers. Many of these images don’t represent the actual product.Numerous online sellers get away using this gimmick by adding a ‘No Return’ clause in the long list of terms and conditions that no buyer usually reads before they buy.The text could be something simple like ‘Subjects in the photograph don’t necessarily reflect the actual product’. This is their ‘Get out of Jail Free’ card, quite lite rally.By stating it in their TOS, the seller can refuse a claim for refund or replacement while the customer is left with a poor-quality product.This makes online shopping a frightening experience.IS THE RETAIL STORE DEAD? EXPLORING THE ADVANTAGES OF A PHYSICAL STOREWhen was the last time you walked into a retail Polo store to explore their latest offerings?Not for a decade?Here’s a fun fact you probably didn’t know â€" Polo shut down operations on their flagship store located in New York City.With a huge number of customers preferring to take their business online. Many brands have exited the retail store business model and have embraced the online route.But the question still stands.Is the retail store dead? Or are there advantages to shopping in the traditional way?Let’s find out.ADVANTAGES OF BUYING IN PERSONThe short answer is â€" No, the physical store is not dead.Brands all over the world would shut their physical storefronts if there was no profit to be made in physica l stores.The existence of physical stores is proof that retail stores are still profitable in today’s times and provide exclusive advantages over online shopping.Here are some of the reasons brands continue to sell their merchandise through storefronts.1. Personalized TouchIf it wasn’t obvious to you already, there are a good number of shoppers that still love the good old-fashioned experience of physically feeling their products before buying.The hands-on product experience offers plenty of advantages such as in-store trials before purchasing or free samples to understand the product better.Online product images only provide a brief display of what the product is. When we shop physically, we use our senses like touch, smell, and sight to provide us with information on the quality of the product.Product demonstrations are physical when you buy in person.Let’s say you wanted an electronic item with many features, a store representative will perform a demo in front of you to pro vide you with information about the product. With this type of presentation, you’ll make intelligent buying decisions.Online items are devoid of any physical touch and hence, you are left at the mercy of reading the product description for product information.The personalized experience is why retail stores are a boon to shoppers that prefer a sensory shopping experience than a convenient one.2. Impulse PurchasesImagine you’re watching a musical film and are drawn towards the characters and plot.At the end of the feature-length, you immediately begin to dream visions of becoming a world-renowned musician yourself. After all, the actor in the movie was loved by everyone and he too began from nothing.All it takes is an investment in a high-quality musical instrument, and you aren’t far away from becoming the next Mozart yourself. The euphoric state of mind induced by the movie has released a burst of excitement within you. While this excitement is temporary and fades in time, it ’s caused enough damage to create an impulse to buy an online product that you don’t fully wish to utilize. With online shopping, all you need is a credit card and your product is on its way to you. Impulse buying is at an all-time high with online shopping.With impulse buying, your finances are mismanaged and you’ll dangerously enter a shopping addiction that many buyers dread.With a retail store, instant gratification is out of the question. When you desire a product, you’ll still have to travel to the store and make the purchase.   During this travel time, much of the excitement for the intended product dies and most individuals change their minds about buying a product. 3. Secure PaymentsPayment methods such as cash payments are a much secure option for traditional brick and mortar shoppers. There is no worry about your plastic card being hacked or your customer data being leaked all over the internet.While many retail stores employ modern methods of payment, you can be sure that if you share your card details, it’s all happening in front of you and the identity of the store clerk isn’t a mystery.If you do end up becoming the unfortunate victim of credit card theft due to phishing, you’ll have a face, a company, and a location to pin the blame on.These details assist in investigating the crime and with the use of CCTV footage, the culprit’s identity is revealed with a high chance of your funds being returned to you.Online credit card hackers employ secured networks such as VPNs and other masking software to hide their identities.An article by CSO demonstrates that cybercriminals are among the toughest crimes to persecute simply because the criminals leave no actual evidence and it’s easy to tamper with IP addresses to send the law enforcement on a wild goose chase.Also, in an online cybercrime, the perpetrator is usually located in another country and tracking them is impossible and expensive.The chance of tracking your funds in an online environment is an extremely difficult process and the online shopping experience is one way for people to lose all their finances.Ideally, it’s always better to avoid the online experience altogether and choose a retail store for a much more secure experience. 4. Enjoy the Social ExperienceWhether it’s simply going out with your friends or meeting new people at the mall. The retail store experience is always about human interaction and offers a social atmosphere that isn’t present in an online experience.Having a discussion with your family and friends about what shirt goes well with your jeans are some of the treasured experiences that are lost when you shop online.Engaging in chitchat with the store clerks creates a relatable experience for repeated visits. You’ll be provided with the latest gossip and even the biggest discounts for being a positive person. They can also provide tips on the right size and fit that is appropriate for your appearance.Many malls host communi ty events during holidays and offer plenty of fun-filled events for everyone to participate in. Online stores will never rival the traditional in-store experience when it comes to a social level.Here is an in-depth video of Taylor Romero explaining how technology would revolutionize retail shopping. FINAL THOUGHTSThere is no right or wrong way to shop. There are only sensible and extravagant shoppers to differentiate from.Both categories of shopping experiences are diverse and are very different from each other. A good idea is to maintain a good balance between online shopping and storefront buying. Setting up a list of rules for shopping will create a positive experience.For example â€" Buying online during holiday events helps you avoid crowds. However, offseason, it’s a good idea to head over to a storefront and get a real firsthand experience of the product before purchasing.This lets you experience the joy of shopping between two worlds.What shopping experience do you prefer â€" Online or Retail? Why? Comment below to let us know.

A Streetcar Named Desire By Tennessee Williams - 902 Words

Tennessee Williams, playwright of â€Å"A Streetcar Named Desire†, uses symbolism and other elements to establish the overall theme of illusion vs. reality. He uses these elements to show how the character Blanche can t distinguish the difference between the two, ultimately leading her to a lonely life full of lies. And unlike Blanche, Stanley knows this from the very beginning and thus, their differences turn into a play full of mind games. The differences between Stanley and Blanche are vast. In fact, they are two different kinds of people as Stanley is a hard working macho man lacking proper manners while Blanche is a fragile woman perceiving herself as superior to Stanley. We first notice these differences upon Blanche’s arrival when, in the first scene, the elitist Blanche dresses as if she were attending a fancy cocktail party in the garden district, (1777). This annoys Stanley and it can be seen that he obviously does not like her. He, however, sets his annoyance aside and plays nicely in attempts to get to know her better, but ultimately changes his actions rather quickly after Blanche denies to taking a shot of his liquor. Stanley reacts by saying, â€Å" Some never touch it, but it touches them often† (CITATION GOES HERE). It is not to his knowledge that the reason for her denial was because she did not want to admit that she is an alcoholic. These lies are what keeps her from coming to terms with reality. This lie causes Stanley to question everything aboutShow MoreRelatedA Streetcar Named Desire By Tennessee Williams1109 Words   |  5 Pagesâ€Å"A Streetcar Named Desire† is a play written by Tennessee Williams. Williams was born in Columbus, Mississippi but with a different name. He changed his name from Thomas Lanier Williams to what the readers know today as Tennessee Williams. (Forman). Williams is widely known for his plays, short stories, and poems across the world. He has won many awards for his work such as The New York Critics’ Circle Award and 2 Pulitzer awards. The play â€Å"A Streetcar Named Desire he won his first Pulitzer PrizeRead MoreA Streetcar Named Desire By Tennessee Williams1442 Words   |  6 PagesThroughout Tennessee Williams’s play, â€Å"A Streetcar Named Desire† one can learn a large portion about his personal life. In the play the character, Blanche has a mental illness the same as his sister Rose had in her lifetime. B lanche’s ex-husband was also homosexual and he made the point to say that he left her for a man and Williams himself was also a homosexual. Tennessee chose for the story to be based in New Orleans, which was a crumbling town at the time and Williams was living a crumbling lifeRead MoreA Streetcar Named Desire By Tennessee Williams928 Words   |  4 PagesAnalysis Paper: A Streetcar Named Desire For my analysis paper, I have chosen the full-length play by Tennessee Williams, A Streetcar Named Desire. The drama containing several forms of realism was released in December of 1947 and stayed open on Broadway for two years until December of 1949. The play in set in New Orleans, Louisiana in a simi-poor area, but has a certain amount of charm that goes along with it. Williams creates a vast web of emotional conflicts thought all the characters, whichRead MoreA Streetcar Named Desire, By Tennessee Williams1629 Words   |  7 PagesA Streetcar Named Desire, written by Tennessee Williams, was first performed on December 3rd, 1947. Chronicling the actions and events that take place when two sisters are reunited, A Streetcar Named Desire is regarded as one of Tennessee William’s most successful plays. Likewise, â€Å"Blank Space†, written and performed by Taylor Swift, was first performed November 23rd, during the 2014 American Music Awards. â€Å"Blank Space† s pent 22 weeks in the top 40 charts and is featured on the best selling albumRead MoreA Streetcar Named Desire By Tennessee Williams Essay1226 Words   |  5 PagesA Streetcar Named Desire In the summer of post World War II in New Orleans, Louisiana lives hard working, hardheaded Stanley and twenty-five year old pregnant, timid Stella Kowalski in a charming two-bedroom apartment on Elysian Fields. Stella’s older sister Blanche Dubois appears in the first scene unexpectedly from Laurel, Mississippi carrying everything she owns. In Tennessee Williams’ A Streetcar Named Desire, despite Blanche’s desire to start fresh in New Orleans, her snobbish nature, inabilityRead MoreA Streetcar Named Desire by Tennessee Williams672 Words   |  3 Pagesof the era—is Tennessee Williams’ A Streetcar Named Desire, a tale of one woman’s destruction due to Southern society’s changing moral values. The destruction of the Old Southern society around the main character, Blanche DuBois, causes her to go insane and she cannot stand the low morals that the New South is carrying in its baggage. Because of his Southern roots, Tennessee Williams’ past is able to shine through his work. Born to a drunken shoe maker and a Southern belle, Williams was supportedRead MoreA Streetcar Named Desire By Tennessee Williams1054 Words   |  5 Pagescalled â€Å"A Streetcar Named Desire†, there are numerous amounts of tragic events that not only affected the person in the event, but others around them as well. A tragedy, or tragic event, is known to bring chaos, destruction, distress, and even discomfort such as a natural disaster or a serious accident. A tragedy in a story can also highlight the downfall of the main character, or sometimes one of the more important character. In this book, â€Å"A Streetcar Named Desire†, written by Tennessee Williams, heRead MoreTennessee Williams A Streetcar Named Desire929 Words   |  4 PagesThe â€Å"Desire’s† Breakdown Tennessee Williams’ A Streetcar Named Desire is a web of themes, complicated scenarios, and clashes between the characters. Therefore, it might’ve been somehow difficult to find out who the protagonist of this play is if it wasn’t for Aristotle’s ideas of a good tragedy because neither of the main characters, Stanley Kowalski and Blanche Dubois, is completely good nor bad. According to Aristotle’s Poetics, a good tragedy requires the protagonist to undergo a change of statusRead MoreTennessee Williams A Streetcar Named Desire964 Words   |  4 PagesLike many people in the world, the characters in Tennessee William’s play, A Streetcar Named Desire, are troubled by anxiety and insecurities. Life in New Orleans during the 1940s was characterized by the incredible variety of music, lively and bright atmosphere, and diverse population, while in the midst of the ongoing World War II. Culture was rich and fruitful because the city developed into a â€Å"melting pot† of people from all over the world. Due to the wide-range in population, the people ofRead MoreA Streetcar Named Desire By Tennessee Williams1263 Words   |  6 Pagesgrowth in the suffrage movement in England and the United States, with women struggling to attain political equality. However, this was not to last however, and by the fifties men had reassumed their more dominant role in society. Tennessee Williams wrote A Streetcar Named Desire around the time this reversal was occurring in American society. In this play male dominance is clear. Women are represented as delicate, reserved, and silent, confined to a domestic world that isolated them from the harsh realities

Reading Child Of The Owl - 1126 Words

Outside Reading: Child of the Owl 1.The book Child of the Owl talks about an American-Chinese girl called Casey, learning how to accept the culture of China when living in the Chinatown. As we know, at that time American-Chinese neither Chinese or Americans. They are crowded out by native Americans, cause they appearances are same with Asians, the foreigns. On the other side, American-Chinese speaks English, eat American food, have American teachers and friends, learn American culture. Chinese all gather together to live in Chinatown, the narrow surrounding. They speak Chinese, use Chinese Writing, eat Chinese food, all the people around them are Chinese, learning Chinese culture. That’s the unique point that Casey has. Before Casey came to Chinatown, her father Barney let her live in the house of Uncle Phil. His two daughters Pam-Pam and Annette. They have done whatever they can to blend in with White Americans. Annette constantly curls her hair, while Pam-Pam only wears pink frilly dresses, like a princess. School in Chinatown is a disaster because Casey has no friends and students never talk to her, teachers also dislike for her inability to speak or write Chinese. A long time ago, I read a story about a wild brown duck wants to become a pure white swan. One wild duck is shy, and his appearance is scarce, so all the duck bully him. He can’t afford it, so he uses dyestuff to make him look white for coming to the group of the swan. But nobody accepts cause his barkingShow MoreRelatedHarwoods Poetry - a Valediction, Father and Child and the Violets1477 Words   |  6 Pagestheoretical readings. The very essence of postmodernism states that meaning is provisional. The meaning that Gwen Harwood imbued in her poems may not necessarily be the meaning that we as responders ‘draw out’ from the poem. Harwood’s poetry is a product of her own historical, social, cultural and personal context and any subsequent reading is done by responders with their own unique set of circumstances. These new set of circumstances will invariably be different and hence multiple readings of a textRead MoreConstruction of the Child through Character in Milnes Winnie the Pooh1049 Words   |  5 PagesIn this book there are who different characters of Christopher Robin (CR). There is, in one realm of narration, CR the listener of the story and in another, there is CR the character in the story. These two characters are quite different. CR, the child over whom the narrator can exercise adult authority is shy, listens to stories, takes baths and plays with toys while the CR the charact er is the main authority, goes to parties, expeditions and heroic rescue missions. CR the character seemsRead MorePoetry Analysis. Protecting The Innocence Instilled In1563 Words   |  7 Pagessubject argued about by many parents, teachers, and guardians. If one were to shelter their children too much, the child would grow up to misunderstand how to survive in the world. If one was too honest about history’s brutality, the child might grow up thinking in a warrior state of mind, and ignore the very human essence that a mentor would hopefully want to pass on. â€Å"A Barred Owl† and â€Å"The History Teacher† are poems contemplating and challenging the innocence and gullibility of small childrenRead More The Spiritual Decline of Shakespeares Macbeth Essay999 Words   |  4 Pages The Spiritual Decline of Macbeth nbsp; The play, Macbeth, by William Shakespeare, has been analyzed to such an extent that many assume it is impossible to say anything new about the play.   Yet, a close reading of Macbeth can still yield tremendous insights.   One interesting point worth noting is Macbeths inability to answer quot;Amenquot; to a solemn prayer to God. Shakespeares post-medieval world strictly adhered to the binary opposition between good and evil, or in other wordsRead MoreWe re Going On A Leaf Hunt1605 Words   |  7 Pagesthis lesson, the teacher read the book We’re Going on a Leaf Hunt by Steve Metzger. While the teacher was reading, Jacob was holding a school tool (rubber star he uses to occupy his hands while the children are sitting on the rug). At first, Jacob was paying attention to the book; however, he began to instead focus on his school tool instead. During various times throughout the shared reading, children were asked to turn and talk to a partner about some of the things that th e children were doing onRead MoreThe Roar Of The Tiger Mom By Amy Chua1347 Words   |  6 PagesEvery parent always wants what is best for their children. But what is the best way to go about this? There are so many ways one can go and never know if you are right or are doing the right thing. You might believe you are doing what is best for your child or children, but other parents dont see it that way and that is where conflict arises between parents at times. In the essay, â€Å"The Roar of the Tiger Mom† Amy Chua explains with great detail, the many differences between Chinese mothers and westernRead More Language Assessment Essay2006 Words   |  9 Pagesissued to a student, several various tests exist to choose from. To test a student’s overall language capability, a comprehensive language test, such as the Comprehensive Assessment of Spoken Language (CASL) or the Oral and Written Language Scales (OWLS), could be administered. If a teacher wanted to test a speci fic language skill such as pragmatics, phonology, syntax, or semantics, the teacher would need to find the best test for the student’s unique situation. Pragmatics, the language of conversationRead MoreOral History By Lee Smith And The Poem, Fishing Among The Learned978 Words   |  4 PagesAs a child matures, the word â€Å"lesson† can hold two different connotations. One meaning denotes a traditional portion of a school day dedicated to a specific subject, such as a biology lesson. This lesson is based on facts that are generally gleaned from a textbook or transmitted by a teacher who has been certified in some way. Another type of lesson is that which helps the recipient either live a life of fuller satisfaction or gain some practical knowledge that can help others, either physicallyRead MoreMy Personal Learning Style Essay examples777 Words   |  4 Pageshave a personal learning style! If I had given any thought to my learning style prior to this course, I would have said simply, Some things are easy for me to learn, and some things are not. Now I can say, I am a grouper, a top-down learner, an owl, in the C-D quadr ants, and my strong intelligences are linguistic, intrapersonal, and interpersonal. What all this means, still, is some things are easy for me to learn, and some things are not. But there I go again, simplifying the matter. My learningRead MoreMy Love For Reading921 Words   |  4 Pageswith books. Staying up into the late hours of the night because I could not handle going to bed not knowing how a story would conclude. Being surrounded by piles of books was my version of heaven. I have my mother to thank for this obsession with reading. As a little girl, she always read to me at night, and when I got to a certain age the roles reversed. She listened to me stumble through the simplest words in endless amounts of Junie B Jones books. I could imagine it got irritating after a while

Pharmacology Free Essays

Examination Questions: Sedative and Hypnotics, and Antiepilepsy agents 1. What is the chemical name of GABA? a. The amino acid derivative, ? -aminobutyrate, also called 4-aminobutyrate, (GABA) is a well-known inhibitor of presynaptic transmission in the CNS. We will write a custom essay sample on Pharmacology or any similar topic only for you Order Now 2. Explain: the structure of GABAA receptor complex and location of Benzodiazepine’s and barbiturate’s binding sites on GABAA receptors. a. The GABAA receptor complex have chloride channels associated with in the receptor (influx of Cl cause hyperpolarization causing CNS depression) b. In this isoform, the two binding sites for GABA are located between adjacent ? and ? 2 subunits, and the binding pocket for benzodiazepines (the BZ site of the GABAA receptor) is between an ? 1 and the ? 2 subunit. i.? 1 subunits in GABAA receptors mediate sedation, amnesia, and ataxic effects of benzodiazepine 3. Describe the difference in the action of barbiturates at lower and higher dose on GABAA receptors a. BZ increase synaptic inhibition of GABA b. They enhance GABAergic effects without directly activating GABAA receptor by opening of chloride channels but by increasing frequency of chloride opening events and enhancing chloride ion conductance. . Barbiturates increase the duratio n of the GABA-gated chloride channel openings d. At high concentrations, the barbiturates may also be GABA-mimetic, directly activating chloride channels. e. Barbiturates are less selective in their actions than benzodiazepines, because they also depress the actions of the excitatory neurotransmitter glutamic acid via binding to the AMPA receptor (can cause full surgical anesthesia and pronounced central depressant effects – low margin of safety). f. If GABA is not present, benzodiazepines cannot produce their effects (they can increase the frequency but cannot initiate; only GABA opens the channels). 4. Name GABAA and GABAB receptor agonist a. GABAA is the major inhibitory neurotransmitter in spinal cord, hypothalamus, hippocampus, substantia nigra, cerebellar cortex and cerebral cortex b. GABAA containing ? 1 subunit agonist: zolpidem, zaleplon, and eszopiclone 5. Describe how Clorazepate produces its effect following oral administration a. Diazepam and the active metabolite of clorazepate is more rapidly absorbed than other commonly used benzodiazepines. b. Clorazepate, a prodrug, is converted to its active form, desmethyldiazepam (nordiazepam), by acid hydrolysis in the stomach. 6. Explain why benzodiazepines cross biological membranes freely and distribute rapidly in various organ systems including brain and placenta. a. Most of hypnotics and sedatives are lipid soluble and thus have rapid onset of central nervous system effects. b. All sedative-hypnotics cross the placental barrier during pregnancy (NOT TO BE USED DURING PREGNANCY). 7. Explain the mechanism of action of Flumazenil a. Competitive antagonists with high affinity for the BZ binding site b. It blocks many of the actions of benzodiazepines, zolpidem, zaleplon, and eszopiclone c. Flumazenil is approved for use in reversing the central nervous system depressant effects of benzodiazepine overdose and to hasten recovery in anesthetic and diagnostic procedures. 8. Name short-acting benzodiazepines a. Short-acting agents (t1/2 How to cite Pharmacology, Essay examples

Real Estate Law

Question: Describe aboat the real estate law. Answer: Under the Residential Tenancies Act 1995 in Australia, an owner of a property can sell his property while the property is on a fixed term tenancy agreement. Under the Residential Tenancies Act 1995, a property owner is referred as a lessor (Australia 1995). The lessor under the Act has the right to show or advertise his property to potential buyers and it is the responsibility of the lessee to allow them to enter the property for the said reason. Under the said, the lessor can enter his property to show it to potential buyers at any reasonable time, on number of reasonable occasions and after he has provided the tenant with reasonable notice of the same in writing. Reasonable time under the said Act refers to 8am to 6pm on weekdays, 9am to 5pm of weekends or at any other time decided mutually between the tenant and the lessor (Butt 2016). The Residential Tenancies Act 1995 fails to define reasonable notice however, the same can be negotiated between the lessor and the tenant and if t he lessor wishes to show his property to potential buyers regularly, the tenant can negotiate a reduction in rent as a compensation for inconvenience. However, the final negotiation needs to be in writing signed by both the parties. The said Act makes it an obligation on the tenant to allow entry however if the lessor fails to give prior written notice, the tenant can considered it as unreasonable under the Act. The tenant is not obliged to take any special efforts to make the said property look beautiful or attractive, the only obligation under the section 51 of the Act is for the tenant to keep the property in reasonable state and clean and not use it for any illegal purposes. Moreover, if the lessor is selling his property, it does not automatically terminate tenancy contract. However, the lessor and the tenant can still issue a no ground notice for termination of the tenancy agreement. But my advice in the present case to the property owner, when it comes to fixed term lease agr eement is that the lessor under the Residential Tenancies Act 1995 cannot force the tenants to vacate the premises before the expiry of the fixed term which is 12 months in the said case. In case, the property which is on fixed term lease agreement is sold, the new buyer purchases the said property accepting the tenancy agreement and takes over all the rights, responsibility and obligation of the previous lessor. Moreover, if a fixed term lease agreement is terminated for no reason before expiry, compensation can be claimed by the tenant (Bradbrook 2011). Under the Residential Tenancies Act 1995, a property owner has the right to sell his property while it is on a lease agreement. The property owner under the Residential Tenancies Act 1995 is termed as a lessor. The tenants as well as the lessor enjoy certain rights and privileges under the Residential Tenancies Act 1995. The tenant has the right to enjoy the property on lease with quit, peaceful, comfort and privacy (Wilcox 2010). Likewise, if the lessor wishes to sell his property and wants to show it to potential buyers, he has the right under the Act to enter the property on lease after he has given prior notice of the same to the tenant in writing. However, this right of showing property to reasonable buyers is only availing to the lessor at reasonable time, on reasonable number of occasions along with prior written notice to tenant. The definition of reasonable time is defines under the Residential Tenancies Act 1995 and it states 8am to 9 pm on weekdays, 9am to 5 pm of weekends or any time pre-decided by the lessor and the tenant. Reasonable notice is not accurately defines under the Residential Tenancies Act 1995 however, it should be send correctly at the address of the premise and specifying the day when possession is claimed back. The said notice can be delivered by post, email, in person or by fax (Jennings 2013). However, selling a property to a potential buyer does not terminate a tenancy agreement and termination of a tenancy agreement usually depends on the type of the agreement it is. Thus, according to section 93 of the Residential Tenancies Act 1995, in periodic tenancy agreement, the lessor and the tenant have the right to issue a no ground termination notice which does not require the parties to furnish any reason for the termination. This notice of terminating the tenancy agreement can be given by either of the parties however, if tenant is giving a notice for termination of a tenancy agreement 90 days prior notice is required under the Act. Thus, in my opinion the owner of the property has to give a 60 days prior notice in writing to the tenant to end a period lease agreement (Cradduck and Wharton 2011). Every property is leased after the lessor and the tenant sign a lease or a tenancy agreement which defines the terms and conditions according to which the tenancy period, prices and the rights and obligation which both the lessor and the tenant have to abide by are determined. Thus, this tenancy agreement between the lessor and the tenant define the rights and obligation in relation to water supply and usage. Thus, at the time the tenancy agreement is signed, the lessor and tenant can determine on who will be responsible for paying for water supply and usage. Section 39 of the Residential Tenancies Act 1995 states that a term which includes who should bear the water supply and usage cost should be separately mentioned in the tenancy agreement. Water charges can be of two types in Australia namely the water rates and the water consumption charges (Obeng-Odoom 2012). The water rates are the service charge for the supply of water which is received in and out of the property, whereas the water consumption chargers are price for the usage of water in a property. The water rates are usually the responsibility of the owner in case the tenancy agreement states otherwise. However, the water consumption charges are billed by the Corporation to the owner of a tenancy property, however, the owner is allowed to pass this bill to the tenant for payment. However under the section 39 of the Residential Tenancies Act 1995, the tenant can deny to pay the said charges unless the owner of the property furnishes him with a proper bill of the same from the Corporation. However, in case, a tenancy agreement fails to mention a clause which determines the responsibility of payment of water supply and usage, for lease agreements which are entered on and after 1 March 2014, the tenant is responsible for payment of all the water supply and usage charges however, the rule is applicable for separately metered properties only. And for lease agreements signed before 1 March 2014 that do not m ention any clause defining the responsibility of water supply and usage, the tenant is responsibility for payment of water usage over 136 kilolitre each year. It is the tenants responsibility under the Residential Tenancies Act 1995 to immediately inform the lessor after noticing any leakage of water taps in the leased premises, if the tenant fails to inform the tenant of a leaked water tap, he is responsible for the extra usage of water due to leakage and has to bear the expense for the same (Tennant et al 2010). Many a times, property owners who intent to sell, lease, rent or dispose their property, prefer employing a property agent to do the same. Therefore, in Australia, the Land Agent Act 1994 was adopted to set rules and regulations along with code of conduct which a land agent and a client needs to abide by while dealing together in Australia. The property owners usually sign a Residential Management Agreement with property agents or manage which allows a property manager to manage the property in the best manner possible according to the wishes of the owner (Nelson and Minnery 2012). A Residential Management Agreement is usually in a form of a template which has columns of number of landlords who collectively own a property and wish it to be managed by an agent. Thus, the said agreement sets out all the rules and conducts which is expected out of agent and a client. Thus, in the present case, it was the duty as mentioned as a code of conduct under the Land Agent Act 1994 for a property agent to correctly inspect every detail of a property including its number of owners and only after signing an agreement and confirming with all owners the agent should lease, rent or sell the property. In the present case, it was agents fault in failing to inspect whether all the owners have signed the Residential Management Agreement. Secondly, the Residential Management Agreement can be terminated with a notice by the owner of property in the said case as he was dis satisfied with the manner in which their property was handled. As far as the lease agreement is concerned, the said agreement will be valid for its said term and the validity of the agreement can be challenged by the owner who was not a party of the Residential Management Agreement (Bell 2012). Reference List Altmann, E., 2015. Policy implications for governing Australias Apartment Communities: tenants, Committees of Management and strata Managers.Housing in 21st-Century Australia: People, Practices and Policies, p.121. Australia, W.,1995.Residential Tenancies Act 1995. Government Printer. Bell, K., 2012. Protecting public housing tenants in Australia from forced eviction: The fundamental importance of the human right to adequate housing and home.Monash UL Rev.,39, p.1. Bradbrook, A.J., 2011. Residential tenancies law-the second stage of reforms.Sydney L. Rev.,20, p.402. Butt, P., 2016.Land law. Lawbook Company. Cradduck, L. and Wharton, N., 2011. The adoption of residential sustainability programs: Lessons from the commercial sector.Pacific Rim Property Research Journal,17(3), pp.388-403. Dannatt, H., 2014. Living on a knife's edge: Public housing insecurity in the Northern Territory.Parity,27(4), p.20. Jennings, M., 2013.Real estate law. Cengage Learning. Lauritsen-Damm, G., 2013. Occupiers' liability in statute and common law. Nelson, K. and Minnery, J., 2008. Caravan parks as social housing: the tensions between public goals and private interests in Brisbane, Australia.Planning, Practice Research,23(4), pp.479-494. Obeng-Odoom, F., 2012. Far away from home: the housing question and international students in Australia.Journal of Higher Education Policy and Management,34(2), pp.201-216.

Religion In North American Towns Essays - Mormon Studies, Mormon War

Religion In North American Towns Religion has played a vital role in the settling of many pre-industrial North American towns and cities. In fact, religion proved to be one of the main reasons Europeans broke their affiliation with the dictatorial and the monarchial rule in Europe and came to settle the Americas. Generally, these particular religious settlers incorporated town-planning ideas developed in Europe and translated them into their particular beliefs. However, some specific and influential settlers broke away from the norm in a progressive attempt to invent new societies in a new land based on accumulated knowledge. John Reps, the pre-eminent American historian on town planning has this to say about those who strayed from the common ideals. "Almost from the beginning of settlement, America attracted a variety of reformers, utopians, and pariah religious sects. These dedicated... groups shunned existing cities with their temptations and distractions, preferring to create settlements in harmony with their religious, economic, or social convictions." In this paper, I will analyze and compare the influence of two different religions in the settling of their respective towns. The first will be The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, also known as the Mormons, and the second is the Church of the United Brethren, also known as the Moravians. THE MORMON MISSION The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints is a Christian religion that came into existence during the early 19th-century American movement of religious revivalism called the Second Great Awakening. Officially, Joseph Smith, who is recognized as a prophet in modern Mormon teachings, founded the church in 1830 after he said that God had spoken to him. In that same year, he organized his first followers in New York. From that point on, as they marched westward, he experimented in building towns that revolved around "...order, unity, and community." These values were viewed as supreme in the prophet's ideal society, and these same values were at odds with values that were characteristic of many cities and towns already existing in America at that time. It is said that his aim was to realize the Christian commonwealth that had been the ideal of John Winthrop in Puritan New England. According to one account, Winthrop at one time had said to the colonists, "Wee must be knit together in this work as one man." This one statement seems to provide the basis of Smith's convictions when he set out to form new towns in hopes of turning people on to his religion. The Law of Consecration and Stewardship was outlined by Joseph Smith in 1831, and marked the beginning of Mormon ?communitarianism.' This law "...was a prescription for transforming the highly individualistic economic order of Jacksonian America into a system characterized by economic equality, socialization of surplus incomes, freedom of enterprise, and group economic self-sufficiency." Basically, what this meant was that all members of the church and hereafter, the community, would deed all of his/her property to the bishop of the church. On top of this, the community was to farm and cultivate the land together and share equally the crops. In turn, the bishop would appropriate these assets out based on the need of an individual or family residing within the community. Doctrines of the church such as these held a paralleled relationship to the planning of the towns. By early 1831, Joseph Smith and his following had moved west to Kirtland, Ohio. Kirtland was an ideal spot for Americans seeking prosperity given its ripe location for trade as well as agriculture. The land in Ohio had richer soil than that found along the Atlantic coast, and the climate was much milder. A good reason for this can be attributed to Ohio's gentle topography. This was beneficial to the Mormon people who relied on farming and trade. The location was in close proximity to both Lake Erie, which provided the transportation to the East, and the Ohio Canal, which connected to the Ohio River and hence the entire Mississippi River system. The Mormons however did not take full advantage of this beneficial location for settlement, as they left after only a short period of time. Kirtland was a settlement where many firsts occurred in the Mormon religion, and it was a settlement that would aid Mormons in molding future settlements. The House of the Lord, also referred to as the Kirtland Temple, was the first major permanent structure for worship built by the Mormons, and it served as a pattern that was to be followed by future designs of churches in Mormon settlements. The temple served dual

Intelligence Testing for Special Education

Intelligence Testing for Special Education Individualized intelligence tests are usually part of the battery of tests a school psychologist will use to evaluate students when referred for evaluation. Intelligence Testing The two most commonly used are the WISC (Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children) and the Stanford-Binet. For many years the WISC has been considered the most valid measure of intelligence because it had both language and symbol based items and performance-based items. The WISC also provided diagnostic information, because the verbal part of the test could be compared to the performance items, to show a disparity between language and spatial intelligence. The Stanford Binet-Intelligence Scale, originally the Binet-Simon Test, was designed to identify students with cognitive disabilities. The scales focus on language narrowed the definition of intelligence, which has been to some extent broadened in the most recent form, the SB5. Both the Stanford-Binet and WISC are normed, comparing samples from each age group. In both cases, we have seen intelligence scores going up.  Research shows the mean increasing somewhere between 3 and 5 percent a decade.  Ã‚  It is believed the fact that the way instruction is mediated is directly related to how intelligence is measured.  We dont necessarily teach to the test so much as structure information that way the test scores.  It also means that children with severe apraxia or language difficulties because of autism may score very poorly on the Standford-Binet because of its focus on language.  They may have intellectually disabled or retarded in their diagnosis, whereas, in reality, they may really be Intellectually different, since their intelligence is not truly being evaluated. The Reynolds Intellectual Assessment Scales, or RAIS, takes 35 minutes to administer and covers 2 verbal intelligence indexes, 2 non-verbal indexes and a comprehensive intelligence index, which measures reasoning ability and the ability to learn, among other cognitive skills. Best Known Intelligence Test The best-known product of Intelligence testing is the IQ, or Intelligence Quotient. An IQ score of 100 is meant to reflect the average (mean) score for children the same age as the child being tested. A score over 100 implies better than average intelligence, and scores below 100 (actually, 90) implies some level of cognitive difference. Group Tests Group Tests prefer to bill themselves as ability rather than intelligence tests and are usually used to identify children for gifted programs.  These are generally used for screening to identify children with either high or low intelligence.  Children who are identified for gifted programs or IEPs are often re-tested with an individual test, either the WISC or Standford Binet intelligence tests, to have a clearer picture of a childs challenges or gifts.   The CogAT or Cognitive Abilities Test consists of several sessions, from 30 minutes (kindergarten) to 60 minutes (higher levels.) The MAB or Multidimensional Aptitude Battery consists of 10 subtests scores and can be grouped in verbal and performance areas. The MAB can be administered to individuals, groups, or on the computer. It yields standard scores, percentiles or IQs. With the emphasis on state assessments and achievement, few districts are regularly administering group tests. Psychologists usually prefer one of the individual tests of intelligence to identify children for special education services.

Sigmund Freud and Sexuality Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Sigmund Freud and Sexuality - Essay Example Seduction theory In one of Sigmund Freud lectures he talked about ‘ The Aetiology of Hysteria’, in this theory, Sigmund Freud used information that he had collected from 18 individuals where he concluded that sexual abuses in childhood days caused people to have Hysteria (Freud, Whiteside & Freud 2007 p87). This theory did not last for a long time and he withdrew it and formed another one, which attributed hysteria and other neuroses and illnesses to sexual fantasies. His knowledge about women in those times was very limited however, he contributed a lot as men of those times thought women do not to harbour any sexual desires leave alone acknowledging that sexual fantasies caused hysteria in women. When Freud was writing these theories, the society’s attitude toward women was that classified them as a weaker sex and they were only important as parents and relatives, their main function was procreation (Bloom & Hobby 2009 p56), Some critics of Sigmund Freud theorie s were his fellow psychoanalysts who did not support his theory of penis envy as a primary female reaction rather as a secondary reaction. Freud, refused to agree with them and insisted on penis envy as a primary female reaction, other psychoanalysts like Jacques Lacan, took up Freud’s theory and developed it in what he called the penisneid in the unconscious of women. Juliet Mitchell supported Freud’s idea of penis envy, in which man is not the basis, but on the phallus, this opened the field of phallogocentrism to debate (Tong, 2009 p15). Feminists have also criticized Freud’s view where they have argued that penis envy and the whole idea of psychoanalysis uses...In one of Sigmund Freud lectures he talked about ‘ The Aetiology of Hysteria’, in this theory, Sigmund Freud used information that he had collected from 18 individuals where he concluded that sexual abuses in childhood days caused people to have Hysteria (Freud, Whiteside & Freud 2007 p87 ). This theory did not last for a long time and he withdrew it and formed another one, which attributed hysteria and other neuroses and illnesses to sexual fantasies. His knowledge about women in those times was very limited however, he contributed a lot as men of those times thought women do not to harbour any sexual desires leave alone acknowledging that sexual fantasies caused hysteria in women. When Freud was writing these theories, the society’s attitude toward women was that classified them as a weaker sex and they were only important as parents and relatives, their main function was procreation (Bloom & Hobby 2009 p56), Some critics of Sigmund Freud theories were his fellow psychoanalysts who did not support his theory of penis envy as a primary female reaction rather as a secondary reaction. Freud, refused to agree with them and insisted on penis envy as a primary female reaction, other psychoanalysts like Jacques Lacan, took up Freud’s theory and developed it in what he called the penisneid in the unconscious of women. Juliet Mitchell supported Freud’s idea of penis envy, in which man is not the basis, but on the phallus, this opened the field of phallogocentrism to debate (Tong, 2009 p15). Feminists have also criticized Freud’s view where they have argued that penis envy and the whole idea of psychoanalysis uses assumptions are anti feminist, patriarchal and misogynistic that tend to display women as less and deformed men (Freud, 2007 p32).

Article Assignment - 5 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Article Assignment - 5 - Essay Example The basic difference between the two service types is that while one taps the spiritual and religious sensibilities of a child or youth the other tries to awaken or breed social and moral responsibilities. The faith based services are planned out with a certain perspective and that is to help the youths regain their faith and at the same time being permitted to practise the faith he wants to (Evaluation Review, p 125). The main intention of emphasizing on faith based program is to cultivate in the delinquents spirituality and also to develop in them a positive and elevated state of mind. It would not only make them self-composed but also make them emotionally mature. To this end youths are to be provided with mentors who would give them the required guidance, support and most importantly encouragement. However, while extending faith based services there must not be any kind of pressure or manipulation to convert the participant into some other faith (Evaluation Review, p 125). One must enjoy complete freedom in choosing one’s faith. The main purpose is not limited to preaching didactic stuff but to develop inner conscience and self awareness or realization among the youths so t hat they can lead a good life within society. The community-based services are secular in nature and focuses on areas like strengthening family bonding and practising secular exercises like thinking for a change and character education (Evaluation Review, p 122). The community based services are for those youth participants who have chosen to be put under a secular mentor. The emphasis of the community based service curriculum seems more to be on developing finer sensibilities to appreciate and value relationships and family. Such a service also teaches the social skills like adaptability, acceptance and the ability to reach out. In accordance with the conceptual planning relevant activities to be performed by the

Victorian Decade of Crisis: An Overview

Victorian Decade of Crisis: An Overview Why have the 1880s been viewed by historians as a decade of crisis for London? Great city of the midnight sun, Whose day begins when day is done.[1] The late Victorian era was a time of many developments, and much progress. After a number of short trade depressions in the early years of Queen Victoria’s reign, the situation stabilised and then increased from the mid-1840s. This was largely due to the massive spread of railways at the time. This period of increasing industry was complemented by the so-called ‘Golden Age’ of High Farming; when agriculture enjoyed similar successes, despite the repeal of the corn laws in 1846. This Golden Age was followed, however, by a period of prolonged depression which spanned over twenty years from the early 1870s until the mid 1890s. It was only in 1914, with the outbreak of the Great War, that the relative decline of Britain as an industrial power became apparent. Why were the 1880s such years of crisis, and what was the extent of this crisis? Although the decade falls in what is usually described as the Great Depression, export and production figures for the period suggest the industrial situation was not as bad as some believe. The steel industry continued to expand, as did the coal and cotton textiles industries. The amount of cotton cloth exported was 3573 million yards between 1870-79, while between 1880-89, this figure increased 4675 million yards.[2] As Burnett states, â€Å"by the decade of the 1880s, it was clear that the growth both of the cotton and woollen industries had fallen off sharply†¦Ã¢â‚¬ [3] There were, however, other aspects of the period which warranted the description more. Prices were falling, for example, which meant the value of exports was reduced, thereby reducing profits. Unemployment in the decade averaged 5.4% compared to 4.6% in the twenty years before 1874. In 1886, the figure rose for that year to 10%.[4] The cause of the depression has been attributed to the reduction in railway building which started. In each five year period between 1845 and 1870, an average of 2000 miles of new track were laid, while between 1885 and 1900, this figure fell to 750 miles.[5] This affected one of the major growth industries of the earlier period; the steel industry, as demand fell. It was also during this period that the competition from other countries began to be noticed. This came most acutely from Germany and the USA. German coal production rose from 34 million tons in 1870 to 59 million tons in 1880, while US coal production rose to 64.9 million tons in the same period. While British production was still ahead at 149 million tons, competition was growing. The case was similar in pig-iron and steel production.[6] In the US, machines such as the typewriter and the sewing machine were being developed. Having been the first nation to industrialise, much of the machinery and equipment used in British industry was becoming outdated and surpassed by technology which the newly industrialising nations were utilising. It was in this period, and during the 1880s in particular, that the extent of this relative decline began to be noticed, and this was a major contributory factor to the decade being seen more generally as one of crisis. As Harris points out, â€Å"one of the striking facts that emerges from the Census of 1871 is that, a hundred years after the onset of the Industrial Revolution, the topography of Britain was still in many ways that of a predominantly rural country.†[7] Britain, as well as falling behind in technological developments, was being pushed out of her traditional markets by these newly industrialising nations. The US could increasingly meet her own needs, while the European markets were being flooded with cheaper, often better quality goods from other countries. Belgium, for example, developed cheaper, better quality methods of glass production, while the Germans were able to introduce Siemens furnaces for steel production. While these other nations increasingly introduced tariff systems to protect their domestic markets, this was anathema to the British laissez faire approach. Consequently, the British markets remained unprotected and were flooded with imported goods. Another industrial problem in Britain during the period was the failure of British management systems. These, too, were becoming outdated and surpassed by competitors’ newly-developed systems. Often based around the family firm, management positions were often filled by familial connection rather than ability. Coupled with this was the lack of investment in new machinery and industrial apparatus which in turn contributed to the lack of competitiveness in British industry generally. There was a general lack of initiative and failure to get involved in the newly developing industries such as the petro-chemical and electrical engineering industries, which would soon come to dominate industry. During the 1880s, imports of wheat and flour into the United Kingdom increased to 70,282 thousand cwt from just 50,406 thousand cwt the previous decade.[8] These imports often came from the US, where the vast prairies were developed by trans-continental railway. The imports were helped by the development of large merchant steamships. The cost of imports fell dramatically, making it much more viable to import larger quantities of foodstuffs. The average annual wheat price fell from 47.67 shillings per quarter between 1875-9 to just 31.58 shillings per quarter in 1885-9.[9] An important development in the 1880s was the introduction of the refrigeration ship, which enabled meat products to be imported from countries such as Australia, New Zealand and Argentina.[10] Despite this gloomy economic and industrial situation which was afflicting the country generally, London itself was not amongst the worst hit area. The flux of imports affected the agricultural sector, not many of whom were to be found in the metropolis; particularly those who relied on wheat and cereal growing. Again, the refusal of the government to introduce a tariff system to protect the domestic market did nothing to help the situation. A benefit of the depression, particularly for those not dependent on agriculture, was that it meant food was cheaper. This in turn meant that those who were employed actually enjoyed a higher standard of living. In 1888, the Conservative government set up the London County Council. This was a response to the political activism of the great reformers of the decade, but it marked a positive step in the battle against poverty and want. It involved direct election of 118 councillors, which allowed public opinion to have a say. Although struggles for power even within this new body continued, it moved the battle to political ground. This development was complemented in the 1880s by the growth and development of more organised trades unions in London. This attempt to organise labour often involved the transport workers, and therefore focused on London. While this was undoubtedly a positive development, giving many workers, for the first time, an authoritative voice bout their conditions, it can be said that this led to increased struggle and clashing between workers and employers, which contributed to the idea of the city being in crisis. The most spectacular manifestation of this was the riots in Trafalgar Square in 1886 and 1887, which although they involved the unemployed rather than unionised workers, highlighted the animosity felt towards the privileged and propertied people of London. This culminated in ‘Bloody Sunday’ on 13 November 1887. Mackail described the events. â€Å"No one who ever saw it will ever forget the strange and indeed terrible sight of that grey winter day, the vast sombre-coloured crowd, the brief but fiery struggle at the corner of the Strand, and the river of steel and scarlet that moved slowly through the dusky swaying masses when two squadrons of the Life Guards were summoned up from Whitehall.†[11] Another positive development for London during the period, which counters the impression of London as a city in crisis during this period, was the effect on the great city of the railways and steamships. Having already assisted the growth and development of the empire, by the 1880s, they had considerably magnified the importance of London itself. As well as being a great international seaport, the increasing rail network focused on London also. In 1880, the total value of London’s trade was greater than that of its nearest rival, Liverpool.[12] London also became a symbol of free trade, as it was the centre of the great importing warehouses. This, of course, was not as positive as it may have seemed, given the negative effects on the rest of the country of the massive growth in imports during the period. The flip-side of these developments in transport was the social cost. People often had to be turned out of their homes in order to build the new terminals. Industrial conditio ns amongst the workers were less than adequate also. This was most marked in 1889, the year of the great dock strike at the London docks, as the workers struggled to achieve the ‘dockers’ tanner’. This event can be seen to encapsulate much of the perception about the decade as a whole; one of struggle and conflict between workers and their managers. Urbanisation was a major factor during the period. Much of this was concentrated in London and Middlesex (as well as Lancashire, Durham, Staffordshire, Warwickshire, west-central and parts of south Wales). Increasing ground rents in the period were beginning to drive many of the middle and upper classes to the city limits. The term ‘Greater London’ was used for the first time in the 1881 Census; an area that was growing the most rapidly.[13] During the 1870s, rural population experienced an absolute decline for the first time since records began while urban population increased by 75% in some cases. In response to this there was a building boom in London during the 1880s. By the middle of the next decade, in London and Middlesex, nearly half of the population had been born elsewhere.[14] While this massive urban growth was positive for the city in many ways, it also meant more crowding, insufficient housing, increasing rents and costs and the dangers of disease that acco mpany such conditions. Harris discusses the fall in fertility during the 1880s. Commentators at the time put it down to the strain of urban living and the modern education system â€Å"eroding human procreative powers†.[15] This fall in the birth rate concerned many contemporaries at the time, and it has been debated at length by historians ever since. It is interesting that it coincided with the Great Depression, and another, later drop coincided with a fall in real wages in 1900. This general atmosphere of depression, economic an social, was perhaps at its most acute during the 1880s, and although it actually spanned over twenty years, it is this decade in particular that is remembered as a decade of crisis. During the 1880s, Charles Booth began his great survey of the London poor entitled London Life and Labour. this would become an important work in drawing attention to the want of the working class in the capital. It marked a realisation, or appreciation, of what was becoming a serious problem of poverty and low living. In one passage, he describes the typical working woman (who was often only partly-employed) as â€Å"generally elderly, infirm, penniless and a widow †¦ she is nervous and timid, and takes work at whatever price it may be offered to her.†[16] A major reason why the decade is seen as one of crisis, then, is that it was one of the earliest times that the poverty and dire situation of the working classes in London was forced to the attention of the wider public. Poverty was the â€Å"biggest single fact of contemporary existence.†[17] Poverty, poor sanitation and over-crowding were nothing new to the 1880s, but with Booth’s work, and the later wo rk of Rowntree, the situation was increasingly recognised. Booth’s work was followed quickly by other similar studies such as Andrew Mearn’s The Bitter Cry of Outcast London (1883) and General Booth’s In Darkest England and the Way Out (1890). In 1887, Henry Hyndman published a pamphlet entitled A Commune for Socialism which was a plea for municipal socialism. This was a cry that was increasingly being taken up, as the importance of local government as a means of social reform was being recognised. Joseph Chamberlain was one of the members of the government of the day to realise this importance, and indeed introduce it into the national debate. He spoke about this in 1885. â€Å"Local government is near the people. Local government will bring you into contact with the masses. By its means you will be able to increase their comforts, to secure their health, to multiply the luxuries which they may enjoy †¦ to lessen the inequalities of our social system, and the raise the standard of all classes in the community.†[18] It was, then, increasingly brought into the national debate, and this bears large responsibility for the impression of the 1880s being a decade of crisis. This was, however, a positive step, as it l ed to increased activism and political developments favouring the working classes. In Victorian Cities, Briggs describes London as ‘the World City’. This captures how London was seen, both domestically and abroad, throughout much of the Victorian era. By the closing decades of the nineteenth century, then, why was the greatest city in the world experiencing a crisis? During the 1880s, the Quarterly Review described the â€Å"complete separation of the residences of the different classes of the community.†[19] This was referring to the contrast between the East End and the West End of London, and the effective segregation of the population of London into rich areas and poor areas. It has been said that the residents of each respective part of London knew and cared little about the other area. In another work important in stimulating the better-off into action called Tales of Mean Streets Arthur Morrison asked â€Å"who knows the East End?† The description that followed in answer reflected the common perception of the situation in the East End: â€Å"an evil plexus of slums that hide human creeping things; where filthy men and women live on penn’orths of gin, where collars and clean shirts are decencies unknown, where every citizen wears a black eye, and none combs his hair.†[20] The situation in London, then, was not homogenous throughout the great city. There were pockets of serious depravity, while other areas enjoyed great wealth and luxury. It was this juxtaposition of the East End with the bright lights of the West End that highlighted the dire situation in the East End, and did more than anything to contribute to the impression of London as a city in crisis during the 1880s. The stark difference was that although poverty was present in parts of the West End, for example around Belgrave Square, it was largely hidden from view, while in the East End it was clearly visible for those who cared to see it. During the 1880s, however, as London was increasingly being seen as a world city, as the capital of the greatest empire in the world, it was the ostentatious and dazzling aspect of the city’s situation which was emphasised. Here, then, is an interesting paradox. Although the 1880s saw some of the early social commentators and reformers recognise and draw attention to the ills of the poorer classes in London (as well as other industrial cities of England), to many London remained one of the greatest cities in the world. In 1883, for example, an Australian writer described London in New York’s Century Magazine. â€Å"We may talk of our Western empire and our admirable ports, of our growth and our growing wealth; but here is, and will remain for generations, the centre of the commercial and political world, the focus of intellectual activity and the mint of thought.†[21] The 1880s were a decade of great struggle in London. There was much poverty and want, with disease rife, and sanitation poor. The dire situation did not affect the whole of the city, however, and it was the wealth and opulence of the West End which highlighted how bad the situation elsewhere had become. It was also a decade of increasing social comment and investigation. The middle classes were, for the first time, taking an interest in their less fortunate neighbours. The decade was not the first in which London was in crisis; it was simply one of the earliest that the situation was recognised. BIBLIOGRAPHY Baycroft, T., Nationalism in Europe 1789 1945 (Cambridge, 1998) Briggs, A., Victorian Cities (London, 1968) Burnett, J., Useful Toil (London and New York, 1994) English, R., Kenny, M. (Eds), Rethinking British Decline (New York, 2000) Feldman, D., Englishmen and Jews (New Haven and London, 1994) Fraser, H., ‘Municipal Socialism and Social Policy’, in Morris, R.J., and Rodger, R. (Eds), The Victorian City (London and New York 1993) Harris, J., Private Lives, Public Spirit: Britain 1870 1914 (Oxford, 1993) Lowe, N., Mastering Modern British History (London, 1998) Mathias, P., The First Industrial Nation (London, 1969) Morris, R.J., Rodger, R. (Eds), The Victorian City (London and New York, 1993) Pugh, M., State and Society (2nd edition) (London, 1999) Taylor, A.J.P., The Struggle for Mastery in Europe (Oxford, 1971) Footnotes [1] Richard le Gallienne (1895), quoted in Briggs, A., Victorian Cities (London, 1968), p311 [2] Mathias, P., The First Industrial Nation (London, 1969), p468 [3] Burnett, J., Useful Toil (London and New York, 1994), p15 [4] Lowe, N., Mastering Modern British History (London, 1998), p216 [5] Ibid, p216 [6] Taylor, A.J.P., The Struggle for Mastery in Europe (Oxford, 1971), ppxxix xxx [7] Harris, J., Private Lives, Public Spirit: Britain 1870 1914 (Oxford, 1993), p41 [8] Mathias, pp472-5 [9] Ibid [10] Lowe, p221 [11] Quoted in Briggs, p329 [12] Briggs, p318 [13] Ibid, p312 [14] Harris, pp41 44 [15] Ibid, p47 [16] Quoted in Burnett, p35 [17] Briggs, p313 [18] Quoted in Fraser, H., ‘Municipal Socialism and Social Policy’, in Morris, R.J., and Rodger, R. (Eds), The Victorian City (London and New York 1993), p263 [19] Quoted in Briggs, p314 [20] Quoted ibid, p315 [21] Hogan, J.F., Century Magazine (1883), quoted in Briggs, p317