Sigmund Freud s Defense Mechanisms - 1803 Words

Sigmund Freud: Defense Mechanisms Sigmund Freud was a psychoanalytic theorist and practitioner who strongly emphasized the unconscious processes and biological drives that guide our behavior. He asserted that instincts are the propelling forces of our personality, and that they originate in the id (the unconscious part of our personality that works on the pleasure principle, and is a reservoir of our instincts and libido). In addition to the id, we have the ego (the conscious, rational side of our personality that works on the reality principle) and the superego (the largely unconscious, moral side of our personality that contains our conscience). In addition to conceptualizing five psychosexual stages that cover childhood and†¦show more content†¦I use this defense mechanism relatively often. For example, I’m a very irritable person. Therefore, I get angry at people often. The other day, I was in an argument with my brother and we were both becoming very frustrated. Rather than giving into my id im pulse, which was to hit my brother, I sublimated that impulse into something else – exercise. Instead of fighting my brother, I decided to go to the gym. Alfred Adler: Striving for Superiority and Fictional Finalism Alfred Adler was a psychological theorist who placed much emphasis on the uniqueness of each individual. Consequently, he disagreed with Freud, especially regarding Freuds idea of the universality of biological motives in every person. Adler proposed that inferiority is a function of the environment, and that it is the normal condition of all people. Furthermore, he asserted that inferiority is the source for human striving, because people compensate for feelings of inferiority by striving for higher levels of development. In other words, we strive for superiority, and we have a strong will to work towards perfection or completion. Additionally, Adler asserted that people have an imagined or potential goal that guides our behavior, which he called fictional finalism. I feel as though my behavior is guided by striving for superiority, and by fictional finalism. I strive for superiority on a daily basis, in most aspects of my life. First, IShow MoreRelatedPsychoanalytic Theory And Depth Psychology1098 Words   |  5 Pagesessay, show your understanding of key Freudian concepts 20 pts. (2 pages) Sigmund Freud’s primary version of psychoanalytical theory presented in the late 19th century is one that has withstood the tests of time; with just a few exceptions. Freud’s psychoanalytical theory which is comprised of many of Freud’s very unique and great theories like the tripartite mind, psychosexual developmental stages, and defense mechanisms gave insight into the inner-workings of the mind that until then had not yetRead MoreSigmund Freud. Briana Gates. Mr. Wiles. Psyc 43101-01:1611 Words   |  7 Pages Sigmund Freud Briana Gates Mr. Wiles PSYC 43101-01: History and Systems of Psychology February 25, 2017 On May 6, 1856, a baby by the name of Sigmund Freud was born, in a what is now known as the Czech Republic (Schultz Schultz, 2012). After moving around a bit, Freud eventually settled in Vienna, and spent most his life there. It is without question that Sigmund Freud is a well-known name, and that he can be considered the father of what is known as psychoanalysis, seeing as how heRead MoreAnalysis Of Holden Uses Defense Mechanisms1157 Words   |  5 PagesConsequently, Holden uses defense mechanisms, â€Å"as a means of preventing anxiety that would result from conscious awareness of disturbing impulses, wishes, or ideas arising from the id,† (Nevid 471). Nevid explains that according to Freudian theory, defense mechanisms reside in the unconscious part of the human brain because if people were conscious of every single problem, people wouldn’t be able to function. Therefore, Holden is subconsciously utilizing defense mechanisms in order to shield himselfRead Mor eSigmund Freud Theories1254 Words   |  6 Pages Sigmund Freud is a well known name in the world of social science. Freud is responsible for revolutionary concepts such as the defense mechanisms and the iceberg metaphor outlining the human psyche. The knowledge of Freud’s concepts such as these have allowed me to gain a more thorough understanding of the complexity of my psyche and the causes of my behaviours in my everyday life. Freud’s theories aid me in explaining my actions in various situations in my social life and groups, my personal thoughtsRead MoreSigmund Freud s Theory Of Psychology And Psychology1073 Words   |  5 Pages06/27/2014 Sigmund Freud Sigmund Freud is considered to be the most important figures in the field of psychiatry and psychology. His ideas about psychoanalysis were developed in the 1800’s but are still being used today in the mental health field (www.studymode.com). Sigmund Freud was one of the pioneers/innovator of modern-day psychology. â€Å"As the originator of psychoanalysis, Freud distinguished himself as an intellectual giant.† (www.muskingumRead MoreSigmund Freud s Theory Of Psychoanalysis1339 Words   |  6 PagesSigmund Freud Biographic Description of Sigmund Freud Sigmund Freud was born on May 6, 1856 in Freiberg (currently known as Czech Republic). Freud is best known as the founder of psychoanalysis, which entails a scientific analysis of unpacking unconscious conflicts based on free associations, fantasies, and dreams of the patient. He was among the greatest psychologists of the 20th century, and his legacy lasts up to now. While young (4 years old), his family relocated to Vienna where he lived andRead MoreHolden Uses Defense Mechanisms1372 Words   |  6 PagesConsequently, Holden uses defense mechanisms, â€Å"as a means of preventing anxiety that would result from conscious awareness of disturbing impulses, wishes, or ideas arising from the id,† (Nevid 471). Nevid explains that according to Freudian theory, defense mechanisms reside in the unconscious part of the human brain because if people were conscious of every single problem, people wouldn’t be able to function. Therefore, Holden is subconsciously utilizing defens e mechanisms in order to shield himselfRead MoreEssay on Sigmund Freud1234 Words   |  5 PagesSigmund Freud was a remarkable social scientist that changed psychology through out the world. He was the first major social scientist to propose a unified theory to understand and explain human behavior. No theory that has followed has been more complete, more complex, or more controversial. Some psychologists treat Freuds writings as a sacred text - if Freud said it, it must be true. On the other hand, many have accused Freud of being unscientific, suggesting theories that are too complicatedRead MoreWomen in Psychology Essay1565 Words   |  7 Pagesthe years of 1850 and 1950. Of all these amazing women who are pioneers, theorists, and counselors, the one who stands out the most is Anna Freud. This paper will go on to explain Anna Freud’s background, her theoretical perspective, and contributions to the field of psychology. Anna Freud was born December 3, 1895. She was born to Martha and Sigmund Freud, the youngest of six children. Anna had a very close relationship with her father all throughout her life, but was distant with her mother andRead MoreThe Life And Works Of Sigmund Freud Essay1679 Words   |  7 PagesThe life and works of Sigmund Freud Introduction Sigmund, an Austrian national, was born in Moravia hamlet of Freiberg, Germany on May 06, 1856 and died in London, England on September23, 1939. He was born in the era of â€Å"logic and reason† (Love and the formations of family) when sciences was all that mattered and rational analysis was perceived as being the answer to all â€Å"mysteries† (Love and the formation of family). At the age of three his family relocated to Austria where he lived until the last

Communication Theories That Are Apart Of Interpersonal...

There are a number of communication theories that are apart of interpersonal communication. Today I will be using the cognitive dissonance theory, social judgement theory, and the organizational theory when convincing three people to attend the sport management alumni tailgate. The three people I am looking to persuade are my uncle Dave, my younger cousin Ryan, and one of my closest friends named Wes. When deciding on who I wanted to persuade I looked for three people who vary in age as my uncle is in his 40’s, my cousin is a sophomore in high school, and my friend Wes is 21, the same age as me. I also wanted to choose three people who I am close with and will trust what I am selling to them. This paper not only examines the theories that†¦show more content†¦Before I attempt to persuade him, I first wanted to ask him some questions and figure out exactly why he does not ever attend football games on any level. According to my uncle, he doesn’t like the fact t hat a football game is an all-day event. He mentioned the average cost for a family of four in 2016 to attend a game was $503. This cost includes what the average family of four spends on parking, tickets, food and drinks, souvenirs, and programs. Finally, his main reason for not wanting to attend a football game was that if he was interested in watching a football game he was much more comfortable staying home and watching it in his basement on his flat screen television with the added benefit of being able to watch re-plays. After reviewing his answers, I realized that it sounded like his reasons were based off how he visualized an NFL experience due to his reasons being the cost and because it was an all-day event. I assumed that he was not referring to a college football experience. Based off his responses, I wanted to create reasons that went against what he said that would make it uncomfortable and hard for him to say no. As the experience of dissonance is unpleasant, we are motivated to reduce or eliminate it, and achieve consonance (i.e. agreement) (McLeod 2008). My goal was to make his reasons irrelevant to this event. If a person is induced to do or say something which is contrary to his private opinion, thereShow MoreRelatedThe Blind Side Character Analysis1395 Words   |  6 Pagesthis relationship, the interpersonal needs, conflict style, and the nonverbal communication shine in the relationships between the Tuohy family and Michael.The three interpersonal needs are the need for inclusion, need for control, and the need for affection(â€Å"William Schutz PH.D. and the Interpersonal Needs Theory.†2015). The theory behind interpersonal needs is how well a relationship is sustained by the three basic needs(â€Å"William Schutz PH.D. and the Interpersonal Needs Theory.†2015). 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The message that someone sends is not always the message that some may understandRead More Essential Workplace Sk ills Essay example1596 Words   |  7 PagesThe skills that I am referring to are Oral and Written Communication, Interpersonal, and Teamwork skill. These sets of skills have been identified US dept of Labor and other universities and learning Centers as the essential skills every person needs. Oral and Written Communication skills are two of the most important skills a person could have in the workplace. Without the ability to effectively communicate or understand communication in written or auditory form taking and giving directionRead MoreSocial Penetration Theory Of Interpersonal Relationships1348 Words   |  6 PagesThe social penetration theory and cost-benefit theory are applicable to most interpersonal relationships and valuable to the field of communication studies. While they are simple in concept, analyzing the way a relationship functions according to these theories is intriguing in its own right. Both theories describe interpersonal communication tendencies in a variety of settings. In the case of one of my own relationships, the social penetration theory and cost-benefit theory help explain how the relationshipRead MoreCommunications Psychology: Communication Behavior in Groups905 Words   |  4 PagesIntroduction For groups to operate effectively, communication is essential. In basic terms, effective group communication is critical for purposes of enhancing sharing of information, consensus building as well as plan implementation. This discussion will, amongst other things, concern itself with communication behavior in groups. 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Marketing and Market Segmentation - Targeting and Positioning

Question: Discuss about a Article of Marketing and Market Segmentation, Targeting and Positioning. Answer: The purpose of this report is to discuss the article for marketing, segmentation and targeting. The area of STP or segmentation, targeting and positioning is the basis of the entire marketing strategy of firm. Therefore, it would be interesting to study the concepts of segmentation, targeting and positioning. In the article, author argues that segmentation, targeting and positioning should be the first step towards the marketing strategy (Kumar Zia, 2016). The elements of marketing like Product, Price, Place and Promotion are determined based on the selection of segmentation, targeting and positioning. Therefore, it is important that the organization should be smart while selecting the segmentation, targeting and positioning strategy. This article explains the concepts of segmentation, targeting and positioning and how thee concepts are the basis of the marketing strategy. The author argued that while developing the marketing strategy, segmentation should be the first step for organizations (Kumar Zia, 2016). Once the organization has divided the markets into different segments, the next step for organization should be targeting. Once the organization has a defined target market, the next step for the organization should be to define a positioning strategy that could be used to reach out to customers (Schlegelmilch, 2016). I have learned a lot from this article. I have learned that segmentation, targeting and positioning should be the first step towards the marketing strategy. I have learned that the organizations should practice segmentation, targeting and positioning in this order to have a strong marketing strategy in place. References Kumar, N.S. and Zia, M., 2016. A Three Dimensional Vertical Differentiation Model: Implications for Segmentation, Targeting and Positioning.Targeting and Positioning (April 3, 2016). Retrieved from: https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2758430 Schlegelmilch, B.B., 2016. Segmenting Targeting and Positioning in Global Markets. InGlobal Marketing Strategy(pp. 63-82). Springer International Publishing. Retrieved from: https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-319-26279-6_4

Opposing Viewpoints Abortion Essay Example

Opposing Viewpoints: Abortion Essay Appendix E Critical Analysis Forms Fill out one form for each source. Source 1 The â€Å"Necessary Evil† Argument Does Not Justify Abortion Forsythe, Clarke D. The Necessary Evil Argument Does Not Justify Abortion. Opposing Viewpoints: Abortion. Ed. Mary E. Williams. San Diego: Greenhaven Press, 2002. Opposing Viewpoints Resource Center. Gale. Apollo Library-Univ of Phoenix. 9 Jan. 2010 . 1 Identify the principal issue presented by the source. The myths behind â€Å"Necessary Evil† of abortions and how referring to these abortions as â€Å"necessary evils† attempts to put minds at ease from a moral standpoint. Identify any examples of bias presented by the author. If none exist, explain how you determined this. I believe no bias exist; he appears to show both sides of the abortion topic Example 1: â€Å"The myth of abortion as a necessary evil has serious implications for future public debate. First, it means that abortion opponents have won the essential debat e that the unborn is a human being and not mere tissue. † Example 2: he states â€Å"Second, it means that the ideological arguments of both sides (â€Å"choice† versus â€Å"child†) often miss the much more practical concerns of Americans. There are other examples but these are just two 3 Identify any areas that are vague or ambiguous. If none exist, explain how you determined this. I feel Mr. Forsythe was very to the point in his paper; I feel he made strong clear points. 4 Do you find the source credible? Explain your reasoning. Yes, I believe the source to be credible. He stated his opinion but stated both sides of the argument and used good research. 5 Identify and name any rhetorical devices used by the author. If none exist, explain how you determined this. No I feel there was no rhetorical devices used due to the fact he kept everything on the level and only gave to the point facts. 6 Identify and name any fallacies used by the author. If none exist, explain how you determined this. If any fallacy was used, I believe it would be Begging the Question due to the way he used what he called myths to make his argument 7 State one argument made by the author. â€Å"First, it means that abortion opponents have won the essential debate that the unborn is a human being and not mere tissue. We will write a custom essay sample on Opposing Viewpoints: Abortion specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Opposing Viewpoints: Abortion specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Opposing Viewpoints: Abortion specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer In fact, the whole thrust of the choice argument admits this and seeks to sideline Americans moral qualms by telling Americans that, even if it is a human life, the most that can be done is to persuade women not to have abortions. † 8 Identify the premises and conclusion of the argument. Premises – â€Å"Instead, many Americans, therefore, may see abortion as necessary to avert the back alley. In this sense, the notion of legal abortion as a necessary evil is based on a series of myths widely disseminated since the 1960s. These myths captured the public mind and have yet to be rebutted. Conclusion – â€Å"But a renewal of the public dialogue wont mean much if the people are not allowed to express the public will on this issue, as they usually do in our democratic republic. In 1973, the Supreme Court claimed hegemony over the issue and created a nationwide rule of abortion on demand, preventing democratic debate and solutions. The public policy dictated by the S upreme Court collides with majority opinion and reflects the views of only the 20 percent who are committed to abortion on demand. More than twenty-six years later, that is the main reason the pot keeps boiling. † 9 Is the author’s argument valid or invalid, sound or unsound, strong or weak? Explain how you determined this. Valid – Conclusion is proven Sound – Premise is true Strong – Conclusion is supported 10 Does the author use moral reasoning? If not, explain how you determined this. Yes his whole basis and reasoning behind the project is due to his moral beliefs. I believe he used sound judgment, strong points, and stated his facts well. Source 2 Title and Citation: Partial Birth Abortions Should Be Banned Deem, Rich. Partial-Birth Abortions Should Be Banned. Current Controversies: The Abortion Controversy. Ed. Emma Bernay. Detroit: Greenhaven Press, 2007. Opposing Viewpoints Resource Center. Gale. Apollo Library-Univ of Phoenix. 9 Jan. 2010 . 1 Identify the principal issue presented by the source. Arguing against Partial Birth Abortions and the ethics behind it, whether or not the babies feel pain and if its truly murder 2 Identify any examples of bias presented by the author. If none exist, explain how you determined this. There is definite bias in this article. The author definitely states his side by clearly stating how the partial births take place and his views on it. Identify any areas that are vague or ambiguous. If none exist, explain how you determined this. I found no areas vague but I had a hard time reading this so absolutely nothing appeared vague to me. All arguments seem to be very clearly and strongly presented. 4 Do you find the source credible? Explain your reasoning. Yes I find it credible. Rich Deem, the author has worked in basic science research for years and is c urrently working at Cedars-Sinai MC as a researcher/specialist; therefore, he has the experience and documents statistics and credible sources. 5 Identify and name any rhetorical devices used by the author. If none exist, explain how you determined this. Using the word â€Å"gruesome† plus the way he discussed the procedure I believe is rhetorical. 6 Identify and name any fallacies used by the author. If none exist, explain how you determined this. An Appeal to Belief would be the only fallacy I might would agree to due to Rich Deem stating as strongly as he has the facts. 7 State one argument made by the author. This procedure is closer to infanticide than it is to abortion. 8 Identify the premises and conclusion of the argument. Premise – â€Å"A description of the procedure and why it is never medically necessary follows† Conclusion – â€Å"Intact DX (partial-birth abortion) should not be performed because it is needlessly risky, inhumane, and ethically unacceptable. This procedure is closer to infanticide than it is to abortion. † 9 Is the author’s argument valid or invalid, sound or unsound, strong or weak? Explain how you determined this. Valid – Conclusion is proven Sound – Premise is true Strong – Conclusion is supported 10 Does the author use moral reasoning? If not, explain how you determined this. Yes, Rich Deem uses moral reasoning showing why Partial Birth Abortions should be banned through stating the steps of these abortions and how the babies feel the pain and it is dangerous for the mother. Also stating how it could not be used for mothers’ lives being endangered due to the pregnancy because of the length of time it takes to perform this practice due to the dilation process needed to take place. Source 3 Title and Citation: A Christian Group Finds Its Place Luo, Michael. A Christian Group Finds Its Place in the Public Schools. (Metropolitan Desk). The New York Times. May 24, 2006): B5(L). Opposing Viewpoints Resource Center. Gale. Apollo Library-Univ of Phoenix. 5 Jan. 2010 . 1 Identify the principal issue presented by the source. The conflict between Separation of Church and State and how some people are offended by Christianity. 2 Identify any examples of bias presented by the author. If none exist, explain how you determined this. I saw absolutely no bias what soever by the author; the author appeared to have no feelings on this subject whatsoever and was only reporting a story. 3 Identify any areas that are vague or ambiguous. If none exist, explain how you determined this. I saw nothing vague or ambiguous. I saw absolutely nothing but an article reporting the facts and only the facts. 4 Do you find the source credible? Explain your reasoning. Yes, the author spoke to the sources involved in the case and reported their story. 5 Identify and name any rhetorical devices used by the author. If none exist, explain how you determined this. I saw nothing rhetorical and not sure how to explain it other than I just really saw nothing period in the story. 6 Identify and name any fallacies used by the author. If none exist, explain how you determined this. I found no fallacies, again I’m not sure how to explain this other than the fact this article was written as a report and nothing more. I saw no true feelings in this story. 7 State one argument made by the author. School administrators must also wrestle with difficult questions about where the right to religious expression ends and the separation of church and state begins. 8 Identify the premises and conclusion of the argument. Premises – â€Å"But evangelism in a public high school, especially in New York City, can be complicated. In a school like Stuyvesant, full of people with different beliefs and some with none at all, belonging to an evangelical group like Seekers can make members the objects of scorn from classmates and even teachers. † Conclusion – â€Å"The event drew to a close with a final musical number. But by then there were mostly only Seekers members remaining. Gone were the unbelieving friends many had invited. Gone were those on the fringes of the group who had come. The people left were family. They danced and sang together. † 9 Is the author’s argument valid or invalid, sound or unsound, strong or weak? Explain how you determined this. Invalid – A good premise not stated Unsound – Not a good, valid premises Weak No strong premises or conclusion 10 Does the author use moral reasoning? If not, explain how you determined this. The author used no reasoning whatsoever; he author only used comments made by others in the article and from the Separation of Church and State. The author appeared to have no real opinion in this article at all. Source 4 Title and Citation: School Prayer Threatens Religious Liberty Americans United for Separation of Church and State. School Prayer Threatens Religious Liberty. Current Controversies: Civil Liberties. Ed. James D. Torr. San Diego: Greenhaven Press, 2003. Opposing Viewpoints Resource Center. Gale. Apollo Library-Univ of Phoenix. 5 Jan. 2010 . 1 Identify the principal issue presented by the source. Has Religion truly been thrown out of schools completely due to Separation of Church and State. 2 Identify any examples of bias presented by the author. If none exist, explain how you determined this. I saw no bias as it was hard at times to tell which side of the fence the author was on. Identify any areas that are vague or ambiguous. If none exist, explain how you determined this. I saw no vague or ambiguous areas; all topics were clearly stated 4 Do you find the source credible? Explain your reasoning. Yes, various sources were mentioned and quoted 5 Identify and name any rhetorical devices used by the author. If none exist, explain how you determined this. Some Religious Right activists charge that the courts have misinterpreted the First Amendment to remove all traces of religion from the classroom. 6 Identify and name any fallacies used by the author. If none exist, explain how you determined this. Fallacy Begging the Question – truth of conclusion is claimed 7 State one argument made by the author. ‘Has the Bible been excluded from school curriculum? In reality, the answer to these questions is no. ’ 8 Identify the premises and conclusion of the argument. Premises . â€Å"Some Religious Right activists charge that the courts have misinterpreted the First Amendment to remove all traces of religion from the classroom. Conclusion – â€Å"Indeed, most religious denominations, ranging across the theological spectrum, have issued formal statements supporting the Supreme Courts prayer and Bible-reading decisions. These people of faith value the hard-won freedom of conscience that belongs to all of us. † 9 Is the author’s argument valid or invalid, sound or unsound, strong or weak? Explain how you determined this. Valid – Conclusion is proven Sound – Premise is true Strong – Conclusion is supported 10 Does the author use moral reasoning? If not, explain how you determined this. Yes I believe the author uses moral reasoning behind his facts

Save Content In Your Unscheduled Bin To Organize Better

Save Content In Your Unscheduled Bin To Organize Better Sometimes there are just those projects you need to write notes about and table them for later. Other times, you might  put too many projects on your marketing calendar and need to put them on hold until you have more time. And then there are those folks who just like a clean marketing calendar without content on it unless theyre actively working on it to nail a hard deadline. Well, if you fall into any of those three categories, youre going to love the newest feature in : The content drafts bin. Woohoo! makes planning content even easier while not attached to my marketing calendar!Put Any Content Project On Hold This feature allows you to create any type of content you want- an e-book, video, webinar, etc.- and easily move it off your calendar. Youll  still retain all of your comments and tasks so you dont lose any of the work you put into your projects. Work On Projects In Draft Mode Now you can also work  on projects in draft mode and then schedule them on your calendar as you near your publish date. No More Draft Clutter Taking Over Your WordPress Do you hate having needless drafts in your WordPress?  Now you can start all of your posts as draft content first before exporting from into your WordPress. The content drafts bin works for however you create content- s custom editor, Evernote, and Google Docs. Just use one of these methods first, then use to magically turn your content into a WordPress post. Never Lose Another Awesome Content Idea The content drafts bin also serves as an awesome ideas bin. Again, any drafts here wont clutter up your WordPress- so never lose another awesome content idea again! And once youre ready, you can simply drag the unscheduled content right onto your marketing calendar. Good luck as you get started! Youre awesome.

CHAPMAN Surname Meaning and Origin

CHAPMAN Surname Meaning and Origin The popular English surname Chapman most commonly originated as an occupational name for a businessman, trader, or merchant. Chapman derives from the Old High German choufman or koufman, which became the Old English cà ©apmann a compound of ceap, meaning to barter, bargain, or deal, plus mann, which means man. It was often, but not always, used as a name for an itinerant merchant. Chapman is the 74th most common surname in England. Surname Origin:  English Alternate Surname Spellings:  CHIPMAN, CHAPMEN, SHAPMAN, CAEPMON, CEPEMAN, CHEPMON, CYPMAN, CYPMANN Famous People With the CHAPMAN Surname John Chapman - aka Johnny AppleseedMark David Chapman - convicted murderer of former Beatle John LennonCarrie Chapman Catt -  suffrage movement leader and founder of the League of Women Voters; Chapman was the surname of her first husband, newspaper editor and publisher, Leo ChapmanSteven Curtis Chapman - Christian music singer and songwriterEddie Chapman - British spy and double agentGeorge Chapman -  English dramatist, translator, and poetJohn Wilbur Chapman -  American Presbyterian evangelistMaria Weston Chapman -  American abolitionist Genealogy Resources for the Surname CHAPMAN Common Surname Search TipsTips and tricks for researching your CHAPMAN ancestors online. Chapman Family AssociationThis non-profit American-based family association is dedicated to collecting, compiling and editing historical and genealogical records of Chapman family members. Chapman Family Tree DNA ProjectOver 240 men with the Chapman surname have contributed their Y-DNA results to this free surname project in an effort to sort out the origins of Chapman families worldwide by identifying the Chapman families that most closely match each other. CHAPMAN Family Genealogy ForumFree message board is focused on descendants of Chapman ancestors around the world. FamilySearch - CHAPMAN GenealogyThis free genealogy website offers access to more than 3 million historical records, plus lineage-linked family trees for the Chapman surname. CHAPMAN Surname Mailing ListFree mailing list for researchers of the Chapman surname and its variations includes subscription details and a searchable archives of past messages. DistantCousin.com - CHAPMAN Genealogy Family HistoryFree databases and genealogy links for the last name Chapman. References: Cottle, Basil. Penguin Dictionary of Surnames. Baltimore, MD: Penguin Books, 1967. Dorward, David. Scottish Surnames. Collins Celtic (Pocket edition), 1998. Fucilla, Joseph. Our Italian Surnames. Genealogical Publishing Company, 2003. Hanks, Patrick and Flavia Hodges. A Dictionary of Surnames. Oxford University Press, 1989. Hanks, Patrick. Dictionary of American Family Names. Oxford University Press, 2003. Reaney, P.H. A Dictionary of English Surnames. Oxford University Press, 1997. Smith, Elsdon C. American Surnames. Genealogical Publishing Company, 1997.

Jus 104 Week 4 Short Paper Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Jus 104 Week 4 Short Paper - Coursework Example With few guards who are often overwhelmed during peak hours, it becomes hard for them to accurately conduct the security checks and certify the visitors (Sennewald 88-92). Subsequently, by being less, few of the guards are assigned to monitor the alarm systems; thus, making it hard to make predictions in case of security breaches. The inadequacy of inspection and conducting of after-hours security checking of the facility is a great deficiency to the facility because it is during such periods that security systems of the facility are infiltrated and posing a security threat to the facility. Subsequently, by not adequately following the required security procedures especially during lunch hours. This is because, such moments can be used to attacking the facility and its systems easily given that no adequate checks are conducted. Except for the deficiencies, the facility has maintained good practices for its alarm system such as daily maintenance of the register of all visitors, use of identification badges by all employees, and issuing of visitor identification passes. These practices are good and essential in the sense that the visitors’ register will keep a record of all the details of the visitors to the facility including their intended purpose of visit and the host person. Subsequently, the register documents the time when a visitor arrived and the time of departure; thus, making it easy for accountability purposes (Fischer, Edward & David 112-125). This practice is coupled by the issuing of passes or tags to visitors to be carried around whenever one is within the facility. Subsequently, the facility requires all employees to wear identification passes that distinguish them from other persons (Serrano, Eduardo & Jean-Yves 77-79). The passes also grant them access to specific areas that are not easily accessible by other persons for security purposes. It is recommended that for the facility to curb its security breaches

Biochemical identification-qualitative analysis Lab Report

Biochemical identification-qualitative analysis - Lab Report Example Thus it is paramount to be able to determine the specific elements present in a given compound. As a result, several methods have been devised to facilitate the detection of the different elements present in various selected compound. This not only helps detect the elements present, but also the minerals and the type of ions present. 10 drops of 2% calcium chloride, yoghurt extract and water were put in the first, second and third test tube respectively. The three test tubes were then labelled clearly using a pencil and a sticker. 10 drops of oxalic acid were then added in each of the tubes and the solution shaken thoroughly. The results were then recorded in a table form. 10 drops of 2% calcium chloride, yoghurt extract and water were put in the first, second and third test tube respectively. The three textures were then labelled clearly using a wax pencil. 10 drops of silver nitrate were then added in each of the three test tubes and the results recorded in form of a table. 20 drops of each of lactose, glucose, starch, Hydrolysed glucose, hydrolysed starch and water were put in a test tube. The tubes were then clearly labelled at the rim. Benedict’s reagent was then added to each of the tube while at the same time mixing by shaking gently. The test tube were the heated under a water bath for two minutes after which they were removed and the results recorded in a table. The gridded white paper was labelled with hydrolysed starch, starch, glucose, lactose, sucrose and hydrolysed sucrose. Water was also used as a control experiment. A spot plate was put on the label white paper and few drops of each of the above stated reagents added to the corresponding wells on the spot. 1 drop of I2 – KI was then added to each sample and mixed thoroughly with a tooth pick using different toothpick on each reagent spot. The results were then recorded in a table. The reagents Nucleic Acid, Amino

Patton Fuller Financial Statements Essay Example for Free

Patton Fuller Financial Statements Essay Financial statements hold a great deal of information on them and there are many things to consider when reviewing them. A financial statement can be audited or unaudited which vary in expense information. There are effects of revenue sources to consider and businesses have a different revenue every year. They can either be close in dollar amount or could vary significantly. The financial goal to how much revenue a business wants to make should be set in order to plan and control for expenses that the business must pay for in case of emergencies. Financial statements are very detailed and are well informative of the financial status of a business. Audited Versus Unaudited In the Patton-Fuller revenue and expense statement report, the audited or unaudited financial statements vary in their particular expense information. A considerable reduction in the analysis of income is the fundamental procurement of every doubtful account. The distinct term refers to fixed number of accounts receivable that will eventually become bad debt or standardized as unvaluable funds. A statement furnished concerning all third party reports shall always demonstrate the distribution of doubtful accounts noteworthy as an expenditure (Baker Baker, 2011). Management of the doubtful accounts have a million dollar increase particularly on the audited statement report in comparison to the unaudited report. All the allotments in the calculated amounts vary within the net income and operating income from signifying a profit that undoubtedly shows a loss. An audited balance statement affirms an amount of one million dollars that is reduced in revenue corresponding with the unaudited report on the present profit listed that relates to patient balance due.

Welfare Reform :: Social Welfare Retirement Economics Essays

Welfare Reform Welfare is a public assistance program that provides at least a minimum amount of economic security to people whose incomes are insufficient to maintain an adequate standard of living. These programs generally include such benefits as financial aid to individuals, subsidized medical care, and stamps that are used to purchase food. The modern U.S. welfare system dates back to the Great Depression of the 1930’s. During the worst parts of the Depression, about one-fourth of the labor force was without work. More than two-thirds of all households would have been considered poor by today's standards. With a majority of the capable adult population experiencing severe financial misfortune, many Americans turned to the government for answers. In response, U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt led a social and economic reform movement attacking the Depression. Part of his newly enacted â€Å"New Deal† program was the Social Security Act, enacted by Congress in 1935. This act and established a number of social welfare programs, each designed to provide support for different segments of the population. Recently Roosevelt’s Social Welfare Program has become a topic of heated debate. Welfare has come a long way since Roosevelt, it was once a system that help those in need until they could get back on their feet, now welfare has turned into a system that feeds money to a group of people that have become to lazy to find work. Talk of replacing the old system with a welfare program that will emphasize putting welfare recipients to work has become very frequent. More and more stated are now beginning to adopt a â€Å"welfare-to-work† program, leaving other states to simply ponder about the idea of â€Å"taking people off the system.† Those in favor of welfare reform argue that a welfare-to-work program will cut the amount of people on welfare causing a surplus of funds. These people base their idea on the overwhelming success of those states who have already adopted such a program. Nationwide, welfare caseloads have declined significantly since the passage of the Per sonal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act of 1996. In the few months since the bill went into effect the amount of welfare caseloads are down by approximately 2 million. Figures also show that Alabama reduced its welfare enrollment by 48%, and Indiana, Oklahoma, South Carolina, and Tennessee reduced theirs by 49%. In Wisconsin welfare was reduced by 58% and Wyoming’s cases dropped an amazing 73% (Source: Dept.

Orphanage

Orphanage is the name to describe a residential institution devoted to the care of orphans – children whose parents are deceased or otherwise unable to care for them. Parents, and sometimes grandparents, are legally responsible for supporting children, but in the absence of these or other relatives willing to care for the children, they become a ward of the state, and orphanages are a way of providing for their care and housing. Children are educated within or outside of the orphanage. Orphanages provide an alternative to foster care or adoption by giving orphans a community-based setting in which they live and learn. [1] In the worst cases, orphanages can be dangerous and unregulated places where children are subject to abuse and neglect. [2] An orphanage is sometimes called a group home, children's home, rehabilitation center or youth treatment center. The first orphanages, called â€Å"orphanotrophia,† were founded in the 1st century amid various alternative means of orphan support. Jewish law, for instance, prescribed care for the widow and the orphan, and Athenian law supported all orphans of those killed in military service until the age of eighteen. Plato (Laws, 927) says: â€Å"Orphans should be placed under the care of public guardians. Men should have a fear of the loneliness of orphans and of the souls of their departed parents. A man should love the unfortunate orphan of whom he is guardian as if he were his own child. He should be as careful and as diligent in the management of the orphan's property as of his own or even more careful still. [3] The care of orphans was referred to bishops and, during the Middle Ages, to monasteries. Many orphanages practiced some form of â€Å"binding-out† in which children, as soon as they were old enough, were given as apprentices to households. This would ensure their support and their learning an occupation. Such practices are assumed to be quite rare in the modern Western world, thanks to improved social security and changed social attitudes, but remain in force in many other countries. Since the 1950s, after a series of scandals involving the coercion of birth parents and abuse of orphans (notably at Georgia Tann's Tennessee Children's Home Society), the United States and other countries have moved to de-institutionalize the care of vulnerable children—that is, close down orphanages in favor of foster care and accelerated adoption. Moreover, as it is no longer common for birth parents in Western countries to give up their children, and as far fewer people die of diseases or violence while their children are still young, the need to operate large orphanages has decreased. Major charities are increasingly focusing their efforts on the re-integration of orphans in order to keep them with their parents or extended family and communities. Orphanages are no longer common in the European community, and Romania in particular has struggled to reduce the visibility of its children's institutions to meet conditions of its entry into the European Union. In the United States, the largest remaining orphanage is the Bethesda Orphanage, founded in 1740 by George Whitefield. In many works of fiction (notably Oliver Twist and Annie), the administrators of orphanages are depicted as cruel monsters.

Do you consider Mr and Mrs Bennet to be good parents? Essay

I do not consider Mr or Mrs Bennet to be good parents. Jane Austen does not present them in a favourable light and I think anyone who reads this novel would get the impression that they are not good parents. A responsibility of fathers in society in Austen’s day was to provide financially for his children so they have secure futures. However, Mr Bennet does not do this. He pays little thought to the girls’ futures and seems to be a man who does not really consider anything seriously. We know this because Austen tells us, after Lydia had run away and Mr Bennet believes himself in the debt of Mr Gardiner, that Mr Bennet had often wished that he had saved an annual sum for the â€Å"better provision of his children, and of his wife† and that now he â€Å"wished it more than ever.† This shows us he is unthoughtful and makes foolish decisions, which later on he regrets. Mr Bennet does not take anything seriously or talks to Mrs Bennet with respect or seriousness. This means the girls do not grow up in a very happy or secure home. The parents’ marriage has not gone well and Mr Bennet only married Mrs Bennet on account of her â€Å"youth and good humour†. We learn of his lack of respect for her as he tells her, after hearing her complain about her nerves, that he respects her nerves and says, ‘They are my old friends. I have heard you mention them with consideration these twenty years at least’. He enjoys teasing his wife and pretends that he hasn’t visited Bingley – just to see the shock on his wife’s face when he tells them. He is actually very cruel to Mrs Bennet, as she does not understand his sarcastic wit. This lack of understanding is reflected in Lydia, who has grown up to believe that jokes, even cruel ones, are the way to behave, thanks to her father’s behaviour and influence. In her letter telling of her elopement as she wrote to Mrs Forster, she sys that she will laugh and ‘what a good joke it will be’. A mother in Austen’s day should be responsible for helping her daughters find husbands. This seems to be Mrs Bennet’s strong point but she seems to let this objective take over. Rather than considering their present state, she is always thinking about the future and is prepared to embarrass her girls in order to give them a chance to marry well. For example, on page 27, Mrs Bennet makes Jane ride on a horse in the hope that it might rain so she would become ill and ‘stay all night’ in Bingley’s house. Austen writes that Mrs Bennet was ‘delighted’ when a downpour started. This shows inconsideration, little motherly love and that Mrs Bennet is obsessed with Bingley marrying Jane. Jane could have been taken seriously ill. This does not show that Mrs Bennet is a good parent. Another responsibility of the mother was to bring up her children in a well-bred manner. I will explain in the following paragraphs how clearly Mrs Bennet does not do this. Mrs Bennet is an attention seeker. This is shown in her continual frustrated complaints about her ‘poor nerves’. After Lydia has run away she tells anybody who will listen that she is ‘frightened out of my wit†¦such spasms in my side, and pains in my head, and beatings at heart that I can get no rest†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ She also predicts her future in such a sorrowful way as to gain attention – she says to the Gardiners that Mr Bennet will die in a fight with Wichkam and the Collinses will turn her out of her home. She feels sorry for herself and states ‘but I was over-ruled, as I always am’. This is resulting from the lack of respect Mr Bennet shows her. We can see this reflected in Mary at the Netherfield ball, where she gets up to sing and play the piano. She is seeking attention and is proud of her accomplishments, although Austen tells us her voice is ‘weak’. At the Netherfield ball, Mrs Bennet embarrasses Lizzy by talking loudly near Darcy about Jane and Bingley and the Lucases. When entreated by Lizzy to quieten down, she replies, ‘I am sure we owe him (Darcy) no such particular civility as to be obliged to say nothing that he may not like to hear’. In Austen’s day this behaviour would have been absolutely unacceptable and looked on with contempt as Mrs Bennet shows ill breeding. This encourages the girls to be gossips, tactless and rude. Mrs Bennet does nothing throughout the novel to teach and instruct her five girls of how to behave in society, that is, apart from how to find husbands. Mrs Bennet has violent mood swings. When she first heard of Lydia’s elopement she was in ‘hysterics’ and complained of ‘tremblings†¦spasms in my side and pains in my head’ and said Mr Bennet would be killed and they would be turned out of their home. When she heard that Lydia and Wickham were to be married, she immediately forgot her pains and sorrows and told everyone ‘I knew how it would be’. Mrs Bennet also does not show gratitude – a bad influence on her daughters. When apparently Mr Gardiner pays Wickham to marry Lydia, she says that ‘who else should do it but her own uncle’. This quality is reflected in Lydia, who is never grateful for anything. We can also look at the way the parent treat their daughters directly, as well as subtly influencing them. Both parents show favouritism. Mr Bennet to Lizzy because of her sense and wit, Mrs Bennet to Lydia for being like herself, and also to Jane for her beauty. Mr Bennet also insults his children, instead of gently putting them on the right path. He tells them they are ‘silly’, especially Lydia and Kitty – ‘you must be two of the silliest girls in the country’. Mr Bennet does not seem to try all at being a good father. He ignores all his children but Lizzy. Mrs Bennet does not seem to have time for her daughters except Lydia and Jane. We can also look at the Mr Bennet’s reaction to Lydia running off with Wickham. He blames himself for he let Lydia go to Brighton although Lizzy warned him against it. Even in his guilt, Mr Bennet is sarcastic by telling Lizzy to allow him to feel guilty for once and then says, ‘I am not afraid of being overpowered by the impression. It will pass away soon enough’. Then he tells Kitty that she cannot go out of the house until she has proved herself to be sensible – and Kitty bursts unto tears at this. Previously, I have looked at what the Bennet parents are like to see how good parents they are, but if we look at the Bennet sisters, we can see how they have been brought up, and the parents’ qualities will reflect in the daughters. Lydia is a flirt, has no self-awareness and is very immature. We see this in the way she pleads to go to Brighton so she can mix with the officers there. When she is invited, Austen tells us in her imagination, Lydia sees herself â€Å"seated beneath a tent, tenderly flirting with at least six officers all at once†. Mrs Bennet encourages Lydia by telling her of her own childhood flirtations – â€Å"I cried for two days when Colonel Millar’s regiment went away. I thought I should have broke my heart!† In Austen’s day flirting would have been looked upon as unacceptable behaviour. And Lydia is fifteen, which is much to young to go to Brighton with the officers and this is proven by her immature elopement. Kitty has a very weak character resulting from a lack of teaching and discipline from the Bennet parents. We see this in the way she constantly follows and copies Lydia. She backs her up when arguing about going to Brighton, and only when she is completely separated from Lydia does she improve. Austen tells us – â€Å"removed from the influence of Lydia’s example, she became, by proper attention and management, less irritable, less ignorant, and less insipid†. Only two out of the five girls are really a credit to Mr and Mrs Bennet – Jane and Lizzy. Jane is very caring and always sees the best in people. Even when she knows Wickham’s true character she refers to him as â€Å"Poor Wickham!† Towards the middle of the novel, Lizzy is beginning to see her family in the same light as outsiders would and becomes aware of their many failings. She also develops more self-awareness, which her parents did not teach her. Lizzy does show one of her father’s traits – her humour. Lizzy makes a joke out of the hurt Darcy caused by ‘slighting her’. Austen writes, ‘she had a lively, playful disposition, which delighted in anything ridiculous’. This is shown in her father at the Netherfield ball, where Mr Collins embarrasses the family and Austen writes, ‘no one looked more amused than Mr Bennet himself’. To conclude, from Austen’s use of language and the impression she gives, I believe Mr and Mrs Bennet are not good parents.

HIV AIDS essays

HIV AIDS essays HIV, the virus that causes Aids is one of the most devastating diseases in todays world. It is not a matter of national, religion, race, or sexual orientation. It is rather a fact of someone being exposed to the virus. No one wants to get HIV but if one has unprotected sex or uses a dirty needle then this person might be at risk, these are not the only ways to get the virus, but they are the most common. One can have HIV for many years and not know that one has it because symptoms will not show up. Journalists are debating this issue, should the government get involved and require everyone to be tested for the HIV virus. The Aids virus is a disease that cannot be cured at this time. Although billions of dollars have been spent for research, still know cure has been found. The closest medicine that scientist have discovered, is a defensive agent that stops the virus from spreading quickly into the organic system. It costs a great deal of money, and only very few people from the society can afford it. At this point still, many people believe that virus is a curse from heaven. There are many ways to catch the virus but one cannot catch it from touching or kissing. This virus is nothing like a cold or the flu, it is way more serous. This virus can and will kill you. One does not have to be at fault to catch the virus. If one is an unborn child and ones mother has this virus, there is a big possibility that one will be born with the virus. Million of people have this virus and they will soon die from it. The medicines only slow down the process it doesnt cure it. It is ones concern, if they are having unprotected sex, to be responsible and get tested. No one should force anyone to do so. This would raise some serious complications, such as violation of the human right, and individualism. Whenever the government gives something as a requirement th00.ere is no other alternatives. It becomes a must. The government s...

Presidents Commission on the Status of Women 1961-1963

President's Commission on the Status of Women 1961-1963 December 14, 1961 - October, 1963 While similar institutions with the name Presidents Commission on the Status of Women (PCSW) have been formed by various universities and other institutions, the key organization by that name was established in 1961 by President John F. Kennedy to explore issues relating to women and to make proposals in such areas as employment policy, education, and federal Social Security and tax laws where these discriminated against women or otherwise addressed womens rights. Protecting Women's Rights Interest in womens rights and how to most effectively protect such rights was a matter of growing national interest. There were more than 400 pieces of legislation in Congress which addressed womens status and issues of discrimination and expanding rights. Court decisions at the time addressed reproductive liberty (the use of contraceptives, for instance) and citizenship (whether women served on juries, for example). Those who supported protective legislation for women workers believed that it made it more feasible for women to work. Women, even if they worked a full-time job, were the primary childrearing and housekeeping parent after a day at work. The supporters of protective legislation also believed that it was in societys interest to protect womens health including womens reproductive health by restricting hours and some conditions of work, requiring additional bathroom facilities, etc. Those who supported the Equal Rights Amendment (first introduced in Congress soon after women won the right to vote in 1920) believed with the restrictions and special privileges of women workers under protective legislation, employers were motivated to higher fewer women or even avoid hiring women altogether. Kennedy established the Commission on the Status of Women in order to navigate between these two positions, trying to find compromises that advanced the equality of womens workplace opportunity without losing the support of organized labor and those feminists who supported protecting women workers from exploitation and protecting womens ability to serve in traditional roles in the home and family. Kennedy also saw a need to open the workplace to more women, in order to have the United States become more competitive with Russia, in the space race, in the arms race - in general, to serve the interests of the Free World in the Cold War. The Commission's Charge and Membership Executive Order 10980 by which President Kennedy created the Presidents Commission on the Status of Women spoke for womens basic rights, opportunity for women, the national interest in security and defense of a more efficient and effective utilization of the skills of all persons, and the value of home life and family. It charged the commission with the responsibility for developing recommendations for overcoming discriminations in government and private employment on the basis of sex and for developing recommendations for services which will enable women to continue their role as wives and mothers while making a maximum contribution to the world around them. Kennedy appointed Eleanor Roosevelt, former US delegate to the United Nations and widow of President Franklin D. Roosevelt, to chair the commission. She had played a key role in establishing the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948) and shed defended both womens economic opportunity and womens traditional role in the family, so she could be expected to have the respect of those on both sides of the protective legislation issue. Eleanor Roosevelt chaired the commission from its beginning through her death in 1962. The twenty members of the Presidents Commission on the Status of Women included both male and female Congressional representatives and Senators (Senator Maurine B. Neuberger of Oregon and Representative Jessica M. Weis of New York), several cabinet-level officers (including the Attorney General, the Presidents brother Robert F. Kennedy), and other women and men who were respected civic, labor, educational, and religious leaders. There was some ethnic diversity; among the members were Dorothy Height of the National Council of Negro Women and the Young Womens Christian Association, Viola H. Hymes of the National Council of Jewish Women. The Legacy of the Commission: Findings, Successors The final report of the Presidents Commission on the Status of Women (PCSW) was published in October 1963. It proposed a number of legislative initiatives but did not even mention the Equal Rights Amendment. This report, called the Peterson Report, documented workplace discrimination, and recommended affordable child care, equal employment opportunity for women, and paid maternity leave. The public notice given to the report led to considerably more national attention to issues of womens equality, especially in the workplace. Esther Peterson, who headed the Department of Labors Womens Bureau, spoke about the findings in public forums including The Today Show. Many newspapers ran a series of four articles from the Associated Press about the commissions findings of discrimination and its recommendations. As a result, many states and localities also established Commissions on the Status of Women to propose legislative changes, and many universities and other organizations also created such commissions. The Equal Pay Act of 1963 grew out of the recommendations of the Presidents Commission on the Status of Women. The Commission dissolved after creating its report, but the Citizens Advisory Council on the Status of Women was created to succeed the Commission. This brought together many with a continuing interest in various aspects of womens rights. Women from both sides of the protective legislation issue looked for ways in which both sides concerns could be addressed legislatively. More women within the labor movement began to look at how protective legislation might work to discriminate against women, and more feminists outside the movement began to take more seriously the concerns of organized labor in protecting womens and mens family participation. Frustration with progress towards the goals and recommendations of the Presidents Commission on the Status of Women helped fuel the development of the womens movement in the 1960s. When the National Organization for Women was founded, key founders had been involved with the Presidents Commission on the Status of Women or its successor, the Citizens Advisory Council on the Status of Women.

My Left Foot Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

My Left Foot - Essay Example They have been treated like a burden and nuisance. To a certain extent, they are deprived of caring, which they must deserve. I strongly feel that this kind of situation is unjust for all of those who are handicapped. They are not treated as decent as a normal human being should, which is already unjust and unacceptable because it is ethically and morally wrong. On the other hand, there are moments where Christy is treated like he is a major spectacle. People would clamour towards him. I felt that people are fascinated about his condition. However, there are instances that people abused him and took advantage of him due to his crippled and incompetent state. People made fun of him. This is quite frustrating because of the insensitivity and inconsideration about his situation. There are moments that handicapped people might do something that is spectacular but it is even unfair for them to be objects of entertainment. It might be good to applaud these handicaps of what they can do but it is not fair for them to be treated as such because it appears quite tokenistic. I daresay it is tokenistic in that case due to the fact that people just recognize that good and plausible things that these handicapped people are capable of doing. What seems to be more problematic, in terms of my perspective, is that those people, who have enjoyed upon seeing such, have not done anything tangible to help these handicapped people to improve their conditions further. This is something that struck me in the whole process of watching the film due to the virtuosity of the actors and actresses to show the pain and madness; the frustrations and delight. In the end, I realized that I have not shown so much care, compassion and sensitivity to the handicapped people. I do felt that I have a responsibility to help them in any way possible.

International Mass Communications Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

International Mass Communications - Essay Example For instance, 30% of women have been victims of domestic violence while 38% of murders of women are committed by the intimate partner. Moreover, domestic violence has serious implications such depression, effects on mother and baby, as well as long-term health problems. Austerity Pain also show that domestic violence is a serious atrocity since the trauma suffered by the victims is similar to the cruelty experienced by the survivors of war, terrorism, and concentration camps. Additionally, Pain draws a connection between domestic violence and geography and politics by stating that it affects communities, states and various wider groups’ interest. Moreover, this type of violence is an act of exertion of excessive power by the superior partners in a romantic relationship. Additionally, it set within the context of globalization, colonization, gender, and ethnicity, which further creates a political connection. Domestic violence occurs within the family unit, but since the family is a central cog in the nation, it therefore, becomes a political agenda. Majority of partners who commit domestic violence use it to gain and maintain control over their spouses and use force to instil fear in their spouses. The most vulnerable partners to domestic violence are women and children in the family or relationships (Kenney, 2011). Since perpetrators of domestic violence seek to gain power, the victims remain fearful and vulnerable as they suffer in silence. Victims of domestic violence tend not to tell what they are going through. In fact, they are made to believe that it is their fault, and thus, they are unable to voice their horrific experiences. Pain gives an example of Jennifer who thought she was responsible for the violence. This was because her partner made her believe so, and the culture of the society too conditioned her to believe that she is the one at fault. Domestic violence according to the lecture is also linked with the

Final Project Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Final Project - Essay Example Many Americans feel this reluctance stems from an unwillingness to reveal something that they do not want consumers to know. The best solution is to require mandatory labeling of all of the products that are considered GMO, genetically engineered, or in any way augmented in or by a laboratory. Genetic research has been going on for several decades and is still going strong. Most people hear the words genetic engineering or biotechnology they think of science fiction stories. However, real, modern biotechnology is quite different and it is certainly not science fiction. The manifestation of biotechnology is not so much â€Å"in your face,† as it is â€Å"in your food.† In fact, for more than a decade the majority of processed foods in the United States include ingredients containing genetic material derived from plants whose DNA has undergone laboratory manipulation. The most common genetically altered crops in the United States include soybeans, corn, cotton, and canola . The soybeans carry DNA derived from bacteria that cause the plants to be resistant to common weed killing pesticides, as well as, corn crops, which, also, is taken from DNA from bacteria, which allow the corn to produce its own natural pesticide.(Harmon & Pollack, 2012) It has been determined that most store bought products contain some form of soy or corn, including high fructose corn syrup, and exist in 60-70% of the foods on the grocery store shelves, including cereals, snack foods, dressings/dips, crackers, and chips are all the products of genetic modification, in one way or another.(Byrne, 2013) Supporters of mandatory labeling believe that they manufacturers do not want labeling because they do not want consumers to be aware of how much GMO food they are already consuming. They, also, feel that the scientists, biotechnological farms, and the big businesses that profit from them do not want to be forced to label such products. In their eyes they are putting profit before pub lic awareness and, potentially, public safety. This public concern is not strictly an American phenomenon. Consumers prefer to be informed. Twenty-one countries have already implemented mandatory labeling requirements; so one might ask, why should the United States be any different? (Byrne, 2013) Consumers have a right to know through clearly marked packaging, to make informed choices about the ingredients being mentioned, and understand what exactly they put into their bodies. The claim that GMO goods are completely and thoroughly safe, however, is not something that any of the scientists today can actually guarantee. They can only confirm that there appears to be no danger or side effects associated with consuming GMO foods or food ingredients. It has never been confirmed through human testing that that is true, especially over a period of long term consumption. That said, they are essentially asking us to take their word for it without providing much in the way of facts and detai ls. In fact, biotechnologists today are, basically, using the same limited

Transnational Organized Crime

Transnational Organized Crime 1) Describe the role and function of the Transnational Organized Crime Convention and the Convention’s relationship to its Protocols. The United Nations Convention Against Transnational Organised Crime (also known as the ‘Palermo Convention’) has attached to it the Protocol Against the Smuggling of Migrants by Land, Sea and Air 2000, the Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons, Especially Women and Children, and the Protocol Against the Illicit Manufacturing and Trafficking in Firearms, Their Parts and Components and Ammunition. The United Nations Convention Against Transnational Organised Crime was adopted by General Assembly resolution 55/25 of 15 November 2000 and is â€Å"the main instrument in the fight against transnational organized crime†. It entered into force on 29 September 2003. States that ratify the instrument commit to taking a series of measures against transnational organized crime, including the creation of domestic criminal offences; the adoption of new and sweeping frameworks for extradition, mutual legal assistance and law enforcement cooperation; and the promotion of training and technical assistance for building or upgrading the necessary capacity of national authorities. The United Nations Convention Against Transnational Organised Crime and its Protocols are not human rights instruments in themselves, but have instead been described as providing â€Å"treaty framework to help states unite to combat transnational organised crime†. One commentator views the Convention and its Protocols as a framework of guidance which needs â€Å"filling in†, particularly in the areas of the exchange of information, the registration of biodata and the building of common entrance policies. The Protocols are not binding upon signatories of the Convention itself unless the signatory also becomes a party to the Protocol. The United Nations Convention Against Transnational Organized Crime states itself that its purpose is â€Å"to promote cooperation to prevent and combat transnational organized crime more effectively†. Article 3 provides that the Convention applies to a range of offences that the Convention criminalizes when they are transnational in nature, and then spells out that such an offence is transnational in nature if: (a) It is committed in more than one State; (b) It is committed in one State but a substantial part of its preparation, planning, direction or control takes place in another State; (c) It is committed in one State but involves an organised criminal group that engages in criminal activities in more than one State; or (d) It is committed in one State but has substantial effects in another State. The Protocols then add to the list of crimes contained in the Convention. As Kofi Annan states in the foreword to the Convention Against Transnational Organized Crime, â€Å"Criminal groups have wasted no time in embracing today’s globalized economy and the sophisticated technology that goes with it. But our efforts to combat them have remained up to now very fragmented and our weapons almost obsolete. The Convention gives us a new tool to address the scourge of crime as a global problem. With enhanced international cooperation, we can have a real impact on the ability of international criminals to operate successfully and can help citizens everywhere in their often bitter struggle for safety and dignity in their homes and communities.† 2) What do we mean by the term ‘securitisation’ of transnational crime? Do you think policies that ‘securitise’ TNC are useful? In basic terms, the securitisation of transnational crime means the movement of legislative bodies from viewing crime in a cultural, social, economic and/or legal context to viewing transnational crime as a matter of national security. The Copenhagen School defines the concept of securitization: â€Å"Securitization refers to the process of presenting an issue in security terms, in other words as an existential threat†. Transnational crime may be presented as an existential threat to the security of nations through the discourse that political leaders utilise, but also through others. Transnational crime has been referred to as a security issue in the academic literature. McFarlane and McLennan claimed in 1996: â€Å"Transnational crime is now emerging as a serious threat in its own right to national and international security and stability†. In modern times, forms of transnational crime in the Asia Pacific have been securitized that is, represented by policy elites and security actors as crucial or existential threats to national and regional security. At the first summit of ASEAN heads of state and government held in Bali in 1976 President Suharto declared: â€Å"Our concept of security is inward looking, namely, to establish an orderly, peaceful and stable condition within each territory, free from any subversive elements and infiltration, wherever their origins may be†. Galeotti has recently indicated that â€Å"the struggle against organized and transnational crime will be the defining security concern of the twenty-first century†. As Emmers states â€Å"transnational crime poses a threat to states, national economies and civil societies.† He provides the example of non-state actors using terrorism to promote their political causes. In his opinion the groups are able to gain strength from their ability to forge links across national boundaries and in turn are able to threaten national sovereignty and the integrity of independent states with the result that they can effectively threaten the survival of the governments of those states. However, it is not just terrorism which may be ‘securitized’, other forms of transnational crime affect states and their societies. As Emmers again notes, â€Å"drug trafficking and money laundering reduce a government’s capacity to govern, weaken the credibility of financial institutions and undermine social order†. Nevertheless, Emmers has also expressed the opinion that the problem of transnational crime could be dealt with more effectively if it was approached primarily as a criminal matter rather than as a security issue. He notes that the concept of securitization of transnational crime can work better in some nations than others, depending on the commitment shown by those nations to tackle transnational crime in a security driven way. Comparing the US and the ASEAN states he says that in the US the securitization rather than the criminalization of terrorism has allowed the US to use more traditional security responses against al-Qaeda, with the obvious rhetoric being â€Å"War on terror†. It may therefore be argued that where a state is prepared to tackle transnational crime in traditional, often military, ways, policies that securitize transnational crime are indeed useful. However, it has been argued by Emmers that where states are not prepared or are unable to tackle transnational crime in a traditional security based way, criminalization rather than securitization, should take precedence. As Emmers states: â€Å"In the context of Southeast Asia, ASEAN may be advised to further rely on the criminalization of transnational crime, as it does not dispose over the collective will, joint political instruments and military capabilities to match its rhetorical claims about security†. He also argues that transnational crime being seen in a criminal context rather than a security one could lead to better results. In his 2002 paper he suggests that criminal activity cannot be solved by resorting to the traditional security means, such as army activation and concludes: â€Å"The US war on drugs in Columbia and its failure to reduce the supply of narcotics in America is testimony to that reality.† 3) Briefly describe the role of globalisation in modern TNC. In order to describe the role of globalisation in modern transnational crime, it is useful to consider what ‘globalization’ really means. As Gros states, â€Å"globalization does not mean the same thing to all people† and therefore there is â€Å"confusion around what it is and what it does†. Gros defines globalization as â€Å"the deregulation of national economies and financial markets, on the one hand, and their international integration under the aegis of free-market ideology on the other†. In policy terms, globalization often entails the deregulation of capital flows, eviction of the state from areas that concern production and the privatization of former state-owned enterprises, reduction in the size of government, trade liberalization and the creation of large trading blocs. Wright argues that the globalization of business serves to foster organized crime. He states that â€Å"In the case of organized crime (and arguably in the case of international business ethics) we should not be surprised at the failure of the invisible hand of the market to control malpractice.† Furthermore, he states that it is â€Å"for this reason, at least part of the solution to the problem of organized crime is not connected to law enforcement at all It is connected to the further development of the free associations of civil society which can influence government policy and eventually relegate organized crime to the status of a fringe activity.† The impact of globalization on transnational crime can be seen by looking at examples from previously communist and less capitalist regimes. As Sanz and Silverman explain, in the past 30 years or so Communist countries throughout Asia and the Pacific rim have moved toward a more capitalist economic system. These countries’ business communities have welcomed capitalism because it provides more entrepreneurs to achieve greater independence and a richer standard of living. This economic shift in turn receives support from foreign investors. Furthermore, the general population also embrace the capitalist system because it is able to provide new goods and services. As Sanz and Silverman conclude, â€Å"such changes bring us closer to a global economy which will open new markets and expand opportunities for both legitimate and criminal entrepreneurs†. This can be seen in Poland where, â€Å"many new kinds of economic and financial crimes appeared along with the free-market economic system – crimes that had been typical and known for decades in capitalist countries but which had not appeared in Poland for the past 45 years†. The voluntary relaxation or involuntary loss of state control domestically and at international borders coupled with the fact that mechanisms of state governance and incidents of sovereignty have been lost, altered, or sacrificed to produce domestic economic change and promote international trade mean an increase in the ease with which international criminals can operate. As Myers states: â€Å"while this is a gross simplification of the complex issues unique to each state individually, and to regional and global alignments generally, it points to salient factors, which have permitted criminal groups whose activities had domestic, regional or limited international impact to become transnational in scope.† 4) What role does technology play in modern TNC, both from the point of view of assisting TNC and assisting its interdiction? Following on from the impact of globalization on transnational crime is the impact of technological advances. As McFarlane comments, technology enables and increases the capacity of â€Å"transnational organised crime and terrorist groups to exploit advances in electronic banking, encryption, telecommunications, developments in global travel and commerce, and †¦ visa free regimes†. Furthermore, it may be difficult for law enforcement agencies to keep pace with the developing technologies which are capable of being exploited by criminal groups. As McFarlane states, â€Å"transnational organised crime and terrorist groups are usually small and flexible organisations capable of ‘buying the best brains’ to enable them to respond to new technologies more quickly than slow, bureaucratic government agencies†. One particular consideration is the technological advancement of travel (for example speed boats and aeroplanes). It is true that the technological advancement of transportation has had the effect of bringing Southeast Asia closer to Western markets with a quick and, relatively speaking, safe method of moving contraband. As Sanz and Silverman suggest, â€Å"global criminal ventures are now facilitated by the ease of catching a flight and quickly travelling to a country in which one is virtually unknown to the authorities†. As well as making contact between criminal organizations quicker and more accessible, allowing easily planned and accomplished transnational crimes, technological advancements also make the perpetration of certain crimes easier and has even brought new crimes into existence. Again, Sanz and Silverman comment â€Å"technological advancements†¦ make it easy to counterfeit nearly anything from currency to clothing to watches. Technology has also made it relatively easy to obtain a new identity. Medical advances have created a growing demand for human organs, while technological growth has created a market for trade secrets and information about new product research.† Since the break-up of the Soviet Union there has also been, of course, a development of a black market in high tech and nuclear weapons. In terms of transnational criminal finance, technology has had a very important role to play. As Glynn et al. (1997: 12) note, â€Å"the emergence of an electronic financial system markedly enhances opportunities for corruption, the difficulty of controlling it, and the potential damage it can inflict.† Indeed, Gros notes that anyone can move currency around the world, with at least some delay in being caught. He goes on to suggest that transnational criminal organizations are able to recognize opportunities not only in terms of transportation but also with regards the â€Å"fluidity of money markets† allowing for â€Å"movement of illicit profits in and out of countries that are at the epicentre of globalization.† However, technology is not all bad in the fight against transnational crime. For example, the tracing of transnational crime has been made easier by technology in that money can now be tracked across borders through the international banking system. See Dobinson for an interesting case study of how $40 million US dollars was traced across Australia and Hong Kong. Advances in technology also allow law enforcement agencies to update their national systems quicker, alert border control authorities and potentially enable the passing of information between states more efficiently, enabling transnational crime to be prevented, controlled and prosecuted more effectively. 5) What impact have the provisions for Mutual Legal Assistance and the Exchange of Information in the Transnational Organized Crime Convention had on the sharing of intelligence multi-laterally? As one commentator notes, â€Å"obtaining physical custody of fugitives means little absent the evidence needed to convict them at tria†l. MLATs provide assistance at all stages of criminal investigations and prosecutions. Available assistance under MLATs includes bank or other financial records, witness statements and testimony, search and seizure of people and things, and immobilization and forfeiture of the proceeds of criminal activity. As an example of how a MLAT has worked in practice, in 1997 the US made an MLAT request to Canada on behalf of prosecutors who were investigating a murder. Pursuant to the request, the US sought and obtained from the Canadian authorities the murder suspect’s car, copies of airline ticketing records, billing information and other evidence which was then used to secure a conviction. However, in the absence of a specific treaty provision, there is no mechanism whereby parties can be obliged to use formal mutual legal assistance provisions to obtain evidence abroad. In Re Sealed Case the US Court of Appeals rejected the argument that US law enforcement agencies were limited to obtaining evidence in accordance with the provisions set out in a mutual legal assistance treaty signed by the Swiss and US Governments. The appellant refused to comply with a subpoena to appear before a US court to produce documents relating to Swiss companies. Rejecting the argument that compliance with the request would be contrary to Swiss secrecy laws and in breach of international comity, the court held that it could ‘order any party within its jurisdiction to testify or produce documents regardless of a foreign sovereign’s view to the contrary. In Southeast Asia, the picture is complicated, with intelligence sharing and cooperation proving successful but only where the information is not of a nature that will challenge the political rulers of the states. As Emmers recently concluded, there has been success between Sinapore, Malaysia and the Philipines in the context of exchanged information, particularly leading to extradition proceedings. As recently as April 2007, Singapore and Indonesia signed an Extradition Treaty in order that terrorist suspects can be dealt with in the appropriate legal systems. However, despite these examples of bilateral cooperation, Southeast Asian states â€Å"resist sharing sensitive information on domestic matters that could embarrass or challenge the political positions of ruling elites†. Furthermore, difficulties in information sharing and mutual legal assistance may arise where there is a difference between the legal systems of the relevant states. For example, countries which have no mutual legal assistance treaties with Italy have tended to attract Mafia criminals, yet even where agreements have been in place other members of the Mafia have been able to live openly despite the existence of serious criminal charges outstanding against them. Jamieson provides an example of when the jurisdiction of the requested country does not acknowledge the Italian crime of membership of a mafia-type association or, as in the case of the Netherlands and Germany, where crimes of conspiracy do not exist there is a loophole created. The case of the camorra member Michele Zaza exemplified this: Zaza was wanted in Italy since 1984 on charges relating to his purported Mafia association, as well as murder and drug trafficking. His extradition was sought by Italy, however, he was allowed to live openly in France (apart from serving a two year sentence for cigarette smuggling). In fact it was not until 1993 that he was finally re-arrested and extradited to Italy, where he later died in jail. As well as the more ‘pure’ forms of mutual legal assistance provided for in modern times, training has also been an important part in collaboration. Peter Gastrow, a Special Adviser to the Minister of Safety and Security in South Africa identified the police force there as benefiting from international expertise in several areas including: detection and investigative methods; narcotics trafficking; motor vehicle thefts and smuggling; white collar crime, including money laundering and fraud; official corruption; and cross border arms smuggling. Bibliography Bantekas, I. Nash, S. (2007), International Criminal Law, Routledge-Cavendish, pg 401 Brolan, C. (2002), â€Å"An analysis of the human smuggling trade and the Protocol Against the Smuggling of Migrants by Land, Air and Sea (2000) from a refugee protection perspective†, IJRL 14, 561 Callahan, T. (1997), â€Å"Transnational crime strikes South Africa†, Crime and Justice International, 13 (2) 9 â€Å"Denying safe haven to international criminals: international crime control strategy†, Trends in Organized Crime, 4 (1), 25 Dobinson, I. (1993), â€Å"Pinning a tail on the dragon: the Chinese and the international heroin trade†, Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 39 (3), 373 Elliott, L. (2007), â€Å"Transnational environmental crime in the Asia Pacific: an ‘un(der)securitized’ security problem?†, Pacific Review 20 4, 499 Emmers, R. (2002), â€Å"The securitization of transnational crime in ASEAN†, Institute of Defence and Strategic Studies Singapore, no. 39 Emmers, R. (2007), â€Å"Comprehensive security and resilience in Southeast Asia: ASEAN’s approach to terrorism and sea piracy†. Emmers, R. (2003), â€Å"ASEAN and the securitization of transnational crime in Southeast Asia†, Pacific Review 16 3, 419 Galeotti, M. â€Å"Underworld and Upperworld: Transnational Organized Crime and Global Society† in Josselin, D. Wallace, W. (eds) (2001), Non-State Actors in World Politics, London: Palgrave Publishers, pg 216 Glynn et al. (1997: 12) Gros, J.G. (2002), â€Å"Trouble in paradise: crime and collapsed states in the age of globalisation†, British Journal of Criminology, 63 Hansen, L. (2000), â€Å"The Little Mermaid’s silent security dilemma and the absence of gender in the Copenhagen School†, Millennium: Journal of International Studies, 29(2), 288 Interview with Mr J. Bijen from the IAM (‘Information and Analysis Centre for Smuggling of Human Beings’), The Hague, the Netherlands, 17 July 2000 Jamieson, A. (1995), â€Å"The transnational dimension of Italian organized crime†, Transnational Organized Crime, 1 (2), 151 McFarlane, J. (2005), â€Å"Regional and international cooperation in tackling transnational crime, terrorism and the problems of disrupted states†, JFC 301 McFarlane, J. McLennan, K. (1996), Transnational Crime: The New Security Paradigm, Working Paper no. 294, Canberra: Strategic and Defence Studies Centre, Australian National University, pg 2 Myers, W. (1995), â€Å"Orb weavers – the global webs: the structure and activities of transnational ethnic Chinese criminal groups†, Transnational Organized Crime, 1 (4), 1 Plywaczewski, E. (1997), â€Å"Organized crime in Poland†, Transnational Organized Crime, 3 (3), 109 ‘Proposed Solutions to Trafficking’ (2000) 21 Refugee Reports (US Committee For Refugees) Sanz, K. Silverman, I. (1996), â€Å"The evolution and future direction of Southeast Asian criminal organizations†, Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice, 12 (4), 285 Singh, S. (2001), â€Å"Framing ‘South Asia’: Whose imagined region?† United Nations Convention Against Transnational Organised Crime United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime available at http://www.unodc.org/unodc/en/treaties/CTOC/index.html Wright, A. (1996), â€Å"Organized crime in Hungary: the transition from state to civil society†, Transnational Organized Crime, 3 (1) 68

One Day at Work Essay -- Descriptive Writing Examples

One Day at Work Every day, I followed the same old routine. Get up, eat breakfast, find my work vest, get dressed, leave. White polo shirt, jeans, and sneakers. Little red PharMor vest. Every single day. No variation, no chance for change or creativity. When working somewhere as mundane as a grocery store, you almost pray that something exciting happens to you during the day. But never does a cashier hope to encounter a tremendously irascible customer, the way that one summer day turned out for me. I followed my humdrum routine, arriving for work on time, punching in, and returning to the front to begin my shift. The store was mostly calm, except for the constant beeping of the registers, the bickering of elderly couples, and the hum of activity swirling about the manager's desk. In other words, there was nothing out of the ordinary at all at good old PharMor. I was used to the noise, to the persnickety comments from customers, and to our sarcastic managers. Just when I thought I'd heard every possible complaint, seen every possible accident - it got worse. ...

Using Grounded Theory Methodology and Rich Picture Diagrams in Analysing Value Creation in Houses of Culture Projects in Sweden

The Built & Human Environment Review, Volume 3, Special Issue 1, 2010 Using Grounded Theory Methodology and Rich Picture Diagrams in analysing Value Creation in Houses of Culture Projects in Sweden Laurell Stenlund, K. Kristina. [email  protected] se Lulea University of Technology, Lulea, Sweden Abstract What kind of value does a public building for cultural activities create for clients, construction professionals and users? One approach to understand the complexity of ongoing processes over time is by identifying value-adding activities in building processes.However, value added activities are difficult to analyse especially when related to resources that have an immaterial character, e. g. knowledge, know how and social relations. Based on an indepth case study of stakeholders’ evaluation of a construction project, grounded theory methodology (GTM) and rich picture diagrams (RPD) were used in analysing stakeholder and end-user value. Data was collected by semi-structured interviews with actors, public client, project manager, architect, contractor, employee and visitors of the building and during a workshop with representatives for different stakeholder groups.The results from the analysis show that building a house of culture creates stakeholders’ and end-users’ value that can be categorised into human, organisational and social capital. The strength of combining GTM and RPD is demonstrated in its ability to study complex organisational structures and relations between different actors, and specific as shown in this case, when analysing value creation in a construction project with many stakeholders with different interests and value. Keywords: case study, grounded theory method, intellectual capital, rich picture diagramsIntroduction Discussions during the last few years (e. g. Egan 1998; Finch 2000; Spencer and Winch 2002; Saxon 2005) have shown that integrating design and construction potentially delivers better value for money as well as better buildings, particularly when attention is paid to the full costs of a building over its whole lifetime. Research on how buildings deliver better value for money during their lifetime involves complex data analysis of activities and processes. Value-adding activities consist of complex building processes performed over time.A condition for activities to be value-added is that they are supported by resources that are utilised and developed in a positive way (Laurell Stenlund and Horte, 1999). According to the resource-based view, the resources that are difficult to imitate and replace create a competitive advantage to companies (e. g. Penrose, 1959; Grant, 1991; Hamel and Prahalad, 1994). The characteristics of these resources are described as dynamic organisational capabilities (Dosi et al. , 2008). However, value-added activities are more difficult to analyse. Resources that are immaterial, e. g. knowledge, know-how and social relations (e. g.Sveiby, 1997; Edvinsson a nd Malone, 1997) are difficult to 17 The Built & Human Environment Review, Volume 3, Special Issue 1, 2010 describe and measure. Sutrisna and Barrett (2007) argue that rich picture diagrams are tools suitable for analysing complex building processes. The purpose with this paper is to describe how grounded theory method (GTM) and rich picture diagrams (RPD) were used in analysing stakeholder and end-user value when developing and constructing houses of culture. Empirical evidence is developed from a single in-depth case study where data was collected by interviews, archives, documents and during a workshop.In the next section GTM and RPD methods are discussed in relation to the case study. The results from the analyses are finally presented and concluded. Theories and General Conclusions from Case Studies A researcher’s choice of methodology is not only a matter of strategy. Researchers argue that their â€Å"Weltanschauung† (ontology, i. e. our view on how the world is constructed) and opinion of how knowledge is developed (epistemology) are behind the planned or unplanned choice of methodology and research methods.Management studies involves people’s decisions and activities and are thus influenced by rules and structures built in society as well as in the specific organisation. The industry and the context of the studied processes are therefore important to consider (Chroneer and Laurell-Stenlund, 2006). The specific structure of construction industry, mainly project oriented organisations must find other solutions and concepts for improving performance and efficiency according to Segerstedt and Olofsson (2010).Inter-firm processes in construction industry could be identified by the supply chains and networks consisting of different supplying construction companies, e. g. architectural offices and contracting firms, engaged in the early phases of the construction project (Brochner and Kadefors, 2010; Segerstedt and Olofsson, 2010). In th e early phases of a construction project, these inter-firm processes may create a creative chaos developing new ideas of buildings and constructions. According to Gray and Hughes (2001), the collaboration between individuals is a part of the wider collaboration between firms in the construction sector.Describing and developing a deeper understanding of these networks also requires new research methods. Case studies are commonly accepted in management studies. Yin (1994) argues that a case study with one or more cases and with different methods for data collection, both quantitative and qualitative, can be theorised and generalised. A single case study makes it possible to capture different angles and perspectives in depth based on an inductive research strategy open for analytical generalisation and implications from a theoretical perspective rather than comparison with other cases (Eisenhardt, 1989).Selection of the Case The case presented in this study is selected by the uniquenes s of the building itself according to its special functional design and conditions of combining different cultural activities in one building involving art professionals with different goals. The House of Culture in Lulea was selected due to the researcher’s access to data as well as to the interest from the public client and the construction professionals. Previous studies (for example Short et al. 007) have discussed how arts clients require additional commitment from construction professionals. Building a house of culture is in this sense an interesting cultural construction project to study. Qualitative Research Based on GTM Qualitative data analyses with GTM are here applied to describe regularities and sequences (Glaser and Strauss, 1967) for certain building projects in a given situation creating common knowledge within a specific area. 18 The Built & Human Environment Review, Volume 3, Special Issue 1, 2010Grounded theory was developed in the 60s by Glaser and Strauss in social medicine (Bryant and Charmaz, 2007). After a couple of years, Glaser and Strauss went in two different directions. Strauss revised the methods where data was interpreted by the researcher (Alvesson and Skoldberg, 2000). Glaser, on the other hand, continued to develop the ‘classic’ grounded theory with analytical methods for qualitative data coding with an inductive approach but also including methods for deduction and abduction, i. e. methods for developing and testing theories (Glaser, 1992).Grounded theory refers to the result of using grounded theory method according to Bryant and Charmaz (2007). The results should be traceable back to the empirical data and the studied phenomena (Sutrisna and Barrett, 2007). In this paper GTM is applied with an inductive approach (Miles and Huberman, 1994). The purpose of using GTM in this study was to investigate what kind of stakeholder value is created when building a house of culture. Stakeholder value is the key vari able in this study with the purpose of visualising stakeholders’ different value in the building process.Data collection and data analysis based GTM Both quantitative and qualitative data collection methods were used in the case study. The total data collection was broad and open based on several methods, i. e. integrative focus groups, participatory observations, archive data, documents, semi-structured interviews and a survey (Yin, 1994, p. 80). According to the Swedish principle of free access to public records all archive data from the construction project was available and could be analysed.The analyses presented in this paper are mainly based on 17 semi-structured interviews with actors with different interest in the construction project, building documents and data from a workshop with internal and external stakeholders (Table 1, Appendix). The interviews were recorded and transcribed. After transcription, the interviews were analysed by coding the respondents’ activities chronologically in building processes. The interviewed respondents were belonging to different stakeholder groups with different roles in the construction sector as well as in society.Internal stakeholders, active in the construction sector may on the one hand act as clients, financiers and users, on the demand side, and on the other hand act as architects, engineers, contractors and materials suppliers, on the supply side, in the specific construction project (Winch, 2002, p. 67). External stakeholders also have a direct interest in the project and can be broken down into private actors (e. g. local residents) and public actors (e. g. local government) (ibid. ). In Table 1 the respondents are presented together with their stakeholder classification and role in the project by their title.Table 1: Data collection the House of Culture Semi-structured interviews, no 17 Internal stakeholder/Public client-Municipality: Municipal commissioner (Cmc080401) Municipal employee (Cme 070905) Project manager (Chp080117) Participants, Workshop 20090331 Client: Municipal commissioner (Cmc) Client/End-user: Municipal Culture Chairman (CEcc) Secondary data Feasibility study A 2002-08-15 19 The Built & Human Environment Review, Volume 3, Special Issue 1, 2010 Project leader (Cpl080220)Client/End-user: Cultural manager (CEcm) Client/End-user: – Municipal Technical chairman (CEtc) Client: Project manager (Chp) Designer: Architect (DA) Constructor: Manager construction company (Com) Constructor: Project leader in construction company (Cop) Industry: The Swedish Construction Federation, Region North (BI) End-user: Concert Hall manager (Echm) End-user: Art Hall manager (Eam) Feasibility study B May 2003 Internal stakeholder/Municipal and cultural organisations: Cultural manager (CEcm070601,080117,080925) Library manager (Elm081006) Concert Hall manager (Echm081005) Art Hall manager (Eam081015) Planning document 2003-12-22Project directive 2003-10-20 External stakeho lder/Contractor: Manager construction company (Com071004) Project leader in construction company (Cop080930) Brief for architectural competition 2003-12-22 External stakeholder/Designer: Architect (DA081002) End-user: Tourist manager (Etm2) End-user: 2 Peoples Parks and Community Centres (Eppc) End-user: Orchestra member (Epo) External stakeholder/ End-user: 2 citizens (Eci) Commercial organisations : Tourist manager (Etm081022) Business manager (Ebm081023) End-user/Citizens, public and visitors: Orchestra member (Epo070905), Public (Eci, 2090330) Reference Group MeetingsThe public client as well as the construction professionals participated in the process of evaluating the effects of the construction project and the use of the building. They participated in so called reference group meetings and focus group interviews. During the research project four reference group meetings were carried out with two representative from the public client; one initiating the project and one intern al end-user of the building, one representative from the construction company, two representatives from construction industry and one representative from a non-profit cultural organisation together with three academic researchers.During these meetings the first evaluation results were presented and discussed. The relevance of the results was discussed and new questions developed for further investigations. 20 The Built & Human Environment Review, Volume 3, Special Issue 1, 2010 Focus Group Interviews The empirical data was first coded and summarized and then confirmed and discussed by the practitioners. The focus group interviews were conducted more specific regarding a subject where the participants were asked a question that was answered individual in the group, by each of the respondents and then discussed within the group.The five focus group interviews were performed in accordance with the reference group meetings and one at another time. Workshop A workshop was performed with respondents representing the stakeholders of the construction project as presented in Table 1. The workshop consisted of two parts. The first was to present the results from the descriptive analysis of the construction project to implement the results back to construction industry. The second part was to develop a story line of the construction project based on the stakeholders’ successful factors describing the success of the building.Open coding – First Level From the data analysis based on the interviews, a story of the building process emerged. This story was built by the respondents and confirmed by all respondents when summarized in a case study report (Laurell Stenlund, 2010). Within this story different activities were specifically mentioned by different actors due to their significant influence on the performance of the construction projects as well as on the effects of the final building according to the respondents. These activities were confirmed by archive data and found in the construction projects documentation.There are different views about how categories emerge from the analysis, e. g. let the data ‘talk’ or if the researcher is shaping the categories (Bryant and Charmaz, 2007). In this study, no specific and objective theoretical frameworks were ready to pick. They were instead developed during analysis. Coding was in the first step based on a preliminary theoretical framework consisting of different phases of the building process. The activities were then categorised, based on their empirical characteristic, first in relation to the different stages in the construction project, e. . communication during design between architect and library manager and secondly in themes due to their organisational belonging, i. e. the content of the activity, for example, communication regarding specific functional solutions within the library between the architect and the library manager: strategic briefing during the design phas e. The resulted value-adding activities are presented in Table 2 below. Table 2: Value-adding activities in building houses of culture Activities in the briefing process related to strategic briefing The feasibility study 2002 and 2003 a. he rejection of the first proposal consisting of private and public investors in the construction project b. the development of the second proposal of combining different cultural activities in one building The political decisions 2003 a. political agreement on building a new house for the existing public library, the public art gallery and a new concert hall 21 The Built & Human Environment Review, Volume 3, Special Issue 1, 2010 b. political initiatives of starting the construction project The development of the project directives with requirement regarding a. ost b. time c. responsibilities The development of the strategic brief a. overall vision and goals for the building and building performance b. end-users’ functional requirements, ne eds and desires c. qualifying criteria for participating in the architectural competition d. order-winning criteria for the architect The client’s procurement decision a. design-bid-build based on a architectural competition b. architect creating a design team with client c. contractor’s relation to client during construction Open coding – Second LevelThe second analysis was based on a preliminary theoretical framework (Values surrounding the House of Culture, developed from Boyd and Chinyio, 2006:80) where the client’s requirements were coded to different stakeholder groups, and stakeholders’ value were coded in relation to project and product (Laurell Stenlund et al. , 2009). Coding into rich picture diagrams and general themes The third categorisation was an analysis of the value-adding activities performed by actors within the construction project as well as by end-users in the final building.Here the general themes developed by Sutrisna and Ba rrett (2007) were applied when coding the data into the rich picture diagram for further analysis of developed intellectual capital. This analysis is presented in the following section. Intellectual capital in rich picture diagrams Sutrisna and Barrett (2007) found that the use of the multiple case study approach was in agreement with the principles of GTM, i. e. that it relies on multiple sources and constant comparison of empirical data for the purpose of theory building.However, when using multiple case studies and GTM, the cross-case analysis can be found overwhelming and difficult to grasp all at once, according to Sutrisna and Barrett (2007). Therefore the rich picture diagram is suggested by Sutrisna and Barrett (2007) as an analytical tool in data analysis and here applied when analysing the development of intellectual capital in construction projects. 22 The Built & Human Environment Review, Volume 3, Special Issue 1, 2010 Rich picture diagrams Firstly, the value-adding act ivities of the ‘successful’ construction project, were used as a basis to develop a rich picture diagram.The activities were coded in accordance with the general themes developed by Sutrisna and Barrett (2007). Secondly, the results from the workshop were included into the rich picture diagram. During the workshop, each stakeholder representative presented their three most important success factors, written on ‘post-it’-notes in four dimensions, namely strategic with external (market) perspective; strategic with internal (vision and financing) perspective; operational with external (customer) perspective and operational with internal (organisational and cost) perspective.For the purpose of the workshop, the four dimensions were related to the general themes developed by Sutrisna and Barrett (2007). The notes were then transformed into the same rich picture diagram as the story line of the construction project. Intellectual Capital The intellectual capital m odel consists of identifying financial, human, social, customer and organisational value (Sveiby, 1997). Identifying and visualizing intellectual capital are problematic and discussed for many years. Research with focus on intellectual capital started intensively during the 90s within the field of accounting.The Balanced Scorecard, developed by Kaplan and Norton (1993), The Intangible Assets Monitor, developed by Sveiby (1997) and The Skandia IC model with the world’s first public intellectual capital annual report, as a supplement to the financial report (Edvinsson and Malone, 1997), are examples of management models categorising, measuring and valuing companies’ tangible and intangible resources and assets. Edvinsson and Malone (1997) describe the company’s intangible assets as â€Å"those that have no physical existence but are still of value to the company.Typically, they are long term and cannot accurately be valued until the company is sold. † Measu rement of intellectual capital is thus difficult. According to Mouritsen (2009), it is not possible for an organisation to copy its intangible properties in a number; yet it is necessary because it allows intervention to happen since it develops a wholly new set of dimensions to manage. Measuring size, value and effects of intellectual capital does not yield definitive measures, yet the measures are comforting because they help develop the actions that can be made in the name of intellectual capital (Mouritsen, 2009).Analysing Intellectual Capital in Rich Picture Diagrams In the rich picture diagram value-adding activities in the building process together with stakeholders’ value of the construction project and building in use are pictured in a story line of building a house of culture as presented in Figure 1. In Figure 1, number 1 describes activities creating human capital in the municipality. Here the municipal commissioner played an important, entrepreneurial client role . This is seen as a distinctive feature in the case.Human capital was developed in a creative process of finding a new solution to an old demand, the need of a concert hall, and also driving the political process to a building decision of building a house of culture by combining the library, the hall of arts and the concert hall. The decision was a result of a more than 60-year-long discussion in the municipality, where special interest organisations argued for and against a new concert hall in the city. Human capital is measured in the individual’s knowledge and experiences creating a capability within the organisation (Sveiby, 1997; Laurell Stenlund, 2004).The development of construction industry, with advanced technol- 23 The Built & Human Environment Review, Volume 3, Special Issue 1, 2010 ogy put a pressure on actors’ capabilities to adapt to these new technologies. However, construction industry also relays on actors’ capabilities to create new ideas, new technologies and new types of buildings, as shown in this case were the public client was using his competence, based on political experience as well as on his skills from construction industry.Figure 1: The story line of a successful construction project visualising created intellectual capital Number 2 in the figure describes the activities related to the development of the brief for architectural competition, based on the vision of the building together with the transformation of the public client’s requirements into building programmes, e. g. functional and technical specifications. The public client's role during the development of the building programme was important.Different employees in the client's organisation were involved in the development of the feasibility studies taking political decisions and developing the project directives with requirements regarding cost, time and responsibilities. In the brief for architectural competition, the public client formulated the overall vision and goals for the building and the end-users’ functional requirements. People from the artistic organisations were partly involved in this strategic briefing process.The process, in the figure illustrated with dotted arrows, illustrates how the client’s representatives, foremost the project manager together with the architect, worked together with actors responsible for art and library activities. This work should also be seen as a strategic briefing process performed in the project during the design phase. The public client’s procurement decisions regarding the architectural competition made it possible for the architect to create a â€Å"dream-team† of consultants working together with designing the building.The bid-to-build procurement decision engaged a contractor, with the ambition to develop new knowledge within their own construction organisation concerning technical solutions in the building of concert halls. Here the municipali ty created organisational capital in measures of communication, trust and business relations (Sveiby, 1997) between actors in the local construction industry. The organisational capital belonging to the public client has created new construction projects in the community, even during recession, when normally no construction projects should have stated.Finally number 3 in the figure describes how the public client's decisions had an impact on creating social capital in the community. This is closely related to the client’s ambitions to create a building with symbolic value and also to the distinctive feature of having created future beliefs in the city. Social capital is described in terms 24 The Built & Human Environment Review, Volume 3, Special Issue 1, 2010 of change in attitudes, but also in terms of economic value regarding new job opportunities, development of organisational and business activities.End-users participating at the workshop expressed their view of the buil ding in use in terms of social value. They valued the multitude of cultural activities in the building as well as the building is easy accessibility, aesthetics, comfort, safe with a central location in the city. The social capital developed by building a house of culture in the community is described by the public client as valuable for the cities development in the future, not only because of its cultural activities, but also because of the buildings architecture and location. DiscussionFrom the results of analysing value-added activities and stakeholders’ value in a story line, the distinctive features for this specific construction project illustrates three key competencies generating human, organisational and social capital; firstly the human capital based on the public clients political and construction knowledge and skills in the pre-phase of the construction project; secondly the organisational capital based on the actors competencies of interacting when developing th e strategic brief involving internal and external stakeholders goals and visions, during the onstruction project; and finally the social capital based on the building’s multifunctional activities, its architectural design and its central location in the city, when building in use. From the results, one could determine certain success factors and key competencies that should be maximized. These success factors and key competencies could in turn be grouped into a number of distinct areas of focus such as financial, human, customer, process, renewal and development. Within each of these areas of focus, one could identify numerous key indicators to measure performance.Previous research studies have shown that companies and organisations have to identify their own relevant key indicators and success factors and relate them to their specific activities and resources when making the tools usable in management decisions (Laurell Stenlund, 2004; Anumba et al. , 2005; Roos et al. , 200 5). Measuring size, value and effects of intellectual capital does not yield definitive measures, yet the measures are comforting because they help develop the actions that can be made in the name of intellectual capital (Mouritsen, 2009).Conclusions Stakeholder value is the key variable in this study with the purpose of visualising stakeholders’ different value in the building process. From the results of the study, intellectual capital developed during the construction project has been visualised in terms of human, organisational and social capital. Houses of culture, public buildings for cultural activities, enable meeting places for citizens as well as they provide places for cultural events and spaces for creativity as well as they contribute to the development of new cultural activities.The outcomes were found useful when implementing the results back to the studied client organisation and the actors in the project team as well as they can be used to better understand t he situation, formulating improvement as well as a platform for future research. 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