Sigmund Freud s Defense Mechanisms - 1803 Words

Sigmund Freud: Defense Mechanisms Sigmund Freud was a psychoanalytic theorist and practitioner who strongly emphasized the unconscious processes and biological drives that guide our behavior. He asserted that instincts are the propelling forces of our personality, and that they originate in the id (the unconscious part of our personality that works on the pleasure principle, and is a reservoir of our instincts and libido). In addition to the id, we have the ego (the conscious, rational side of our personality that works on the reality principle) and the superego (the largely unconscious, moral side of our personality that contains our conscience). In addition to conceptualizing five psychosexual stages that cover childhood and†¦show more content†¦I use this defense mechanism relatively often. For example, I’m a very irritable person. Therefore, I get angry at people often. The other day, I was in an argument with my brother and we were both becoming very frustrated. Rather than giving into my id im pulse, which was to hit my brother, I sublimated that impulse into something else – exercise. Instead of fighting my brother, I decided to go to the gym. Alfred Adler: Striving for Superiority and Fictional Finalism Alfred Adler was a psychological theorist who placed much emphasis on the uniqueness of each individual. Consequently, he disagreed with Freud, especially regarding Freuds idea of the universality of biological motives in every person. Adler proposed that inferiority is a function of the environment, and that it is the normal condition of all people. Furthermore, he asserted that inferiority is the source for human striving, because people compensate for feelings of inferiority by striving for higher levels of development. In other words, we strive for superiority, and we have a strong will to work towards perfection or completion. Additionally, Adler asserted that people have an imagined or potential goal that guides our behavior, which he called fictional finalism. I feel as though my behavior is guided by striving for superiority, and by fictional finalism. I strive for superiority on a daily basis, in most aspects of my life. First, IShow MoreRelatedPsychoanalytic Theory And Depth Psychology1098 Words   |  5 Pagesessay, show your understanding of key Freudian concepts 20 pts. (2 pages) Sigmund Freud’s primary version of psychoanalytical theory presented in the late 19th century is one that has withstood the tests of time; with just a few exceptions. Freud’s psychoanalytical theory which is comprised of many of Freud’s very unique and great theories like the tripartite mind, psychosexual developmental stages, and defense mechanisms gave insight into the inner-workings of the mind that until then had not yetRead MoreSigmund Freud. Briana Gates. Mr. Wiles. Psyc 43101-01:1611 Words   |  7 Pages Sigmund Freud Briana Gates Mr. Wiles PSYC 43101-01: History and Systems of Psychology February 25, 2017 On May 6, 1856, a baby by the name of Sigmund Freud was born, in a what is now known as the Czech Republic (Schultz Schultz, 2012). After moving around a bit, Freud eventually settled in Vienna, and spent most his life there. It is without question that Sigmund Freud is a well-known name, and that he can be considered the father of what is known as psychoanalysis, seeing as how heRead MoreAnalysis Of Holden Uses Defense Mechanisms1157 Words   |  5 PagesConsequently, Holden uses defense mechanisms, â€Å"as a means of preventing anxiety that would result from conscious awareness of disturbing impulses, wishes, or ideas arising from the id,† (Nevid 471). Nevid explains that according to Freudian theory, defense mechanisms reside in the unconscious part of the human brain because if people were conscious of every single problem, people wouldn’t be able to function. Therefore, Holden is subconsciously utilizing defense mechanisms in order to shield himselfRead Mor eSigmund Freud Theories1254 Words   |  6 Pages Sigmund Freud is a well known name in the world of social science. Freud is responsible for revolutionary concepts such as the defense mechanisms and the iceberg metaphor outlining the human psyche. The knowledge of Freud’s concepts such as these have allowed me to gain a more thorough understanding of the complexity of my psyche and the causes of my behaviours in my everyday life. Freud’s theories aid me in explaining my actions in various situations in my social life and groups, my personal thoughtsRead MoreSigmund Freud s Theory Of Psychology And Psychology1073 Words   |  5 Pages06/27/2014 Sigmund Freud Sigmund Freud is considered to be the most important figures in the field of psychiatry and psychology. His ideas about psychoanalysis were developed in the 1800’s but are still being used today in the mental health field (www.studymode.com). Sigmund Freud was one of the pioneers/innovator of modern-day psychology. â€Å"As the originator of psychoanalysis, Freud distinguished himself as an intellectual giant.† (www.muskingumRead MoreSigmund Freud s Theory Of Psychoanalysis1339 Words   |  6 PagesSigmund Freud Biographic Description of Sigmund Freud Sigmund Freud was born on May 6, 1856 in Freiberg (currently known as Czech Republic). Freud is best known as the founder of psychoanalysis, which entails a scientific analysis of unpacking unconscious conflicts based on free associations, fantasies, and dreams of the patient. He was among the greatest psychologists of the 20th century, and his legacy lasts up to now. While young (4 years old), his family relocated to Vienna where he lived andRead MoreHolden Uses Defense Mechanisms1372 Words   |  6 PagesConsequently, Holden uses defense mechanisms, â€Å"as a means of preventing anxiety that would result from conscious awareness of disturbing impulses, wishes, or ideas arising from the id,† (Nevid 471). Nevid explains that according to Freudian theory, defense mechanisms reside in the unconscious part of the human brain because if people were conscious of every single problem, people wouldn’t be able to function. Therefore, Holden is subconsciously utilizing defens e mechanisms in order to shield himselfRead MoreEssay on Sigmund Freud1234 Words   |  5 PagesSigmund Freud was a remarkable social scientist that changed psychology through out the world. He was the first major social scientist to propose a unified theory to understand and explain human behavior. No theory that has followed has been more complete, more complex, or more controversial. Some psychologists treat Freuds writings as a sacred text - if Freud said it, it must be true. On the other hand, many have accused Freud of being unscientific, suggesting theories that are too complicatedRead MoreWomen in Psychology Essay1565 Words   |  7 Pagesthe years of 1850 and 1950. Of all these amazing women who are pioneers, theorists, and counselors, the one who stands out the most is Anna Freud. This paper will go on to explain Anna Freud’s background, her theoretical perspective, and contributions to the field of psychology. Anna Freud was born December 3, 1895. She was born to Martha and Sigmund Freud, the youngest of six children. Anna had a very close relationship with her father all throughout her life, but was distant with her mother andRead MoreThe Life And Works Of Sigmund Freud Essay1679 Words   |  7 PagesThe life and works of Sigmund Freud Introduction Sigmund, an Austrian national, was born in Moravia hamlet of Freiberg, Germany on May 06, 1856 and died in London, England on September23, 1939. He was born in the era of â€Å"logic and reason† (Love and the formations of family) when sciences was all that mattered and rational analysis was perceived as being the answer to all â€Å"mysteries† (Love and the formation of family). At the age of three his family relocated to Austria where he lived until the last

Communication Theories That Are Apart Of Interpersonal...

There are a number of communication theories that are apart of interpersonal communication. Today I will be using the cognitive dissonance theory, social judgement theory, and the organizational theory when convincing three people to attend the sport management alumni tailgate. The three people I am looking to persuade are my uncle Dave, my younger cousin Ryan, and one of my closest friends named Wes. When deciding on who I wanted to persuade I looked for three people who vary in age as my uncle is in his 40’s, my cousin is a sophomore in high school, and my friend Wes is 21, the same age as me. I also wanted to choose three people who I am close with and will trust what I am selling to them. This paper not only examines the theories that†¦show more content†¦Before I attempt to persuade him, I first wanted to ask him some questions and figure out exactly why he does not ever attend football games on any level. According to my uncle, he doesn’t like the fact t hat a football game is an all-day event. He mentioned the average cost for a family of four in 2016 to attend a game was $503. This cost includes what the average family of four spends on parking, tickets, food and drinks, souvenirs, and programs. Finally, his main reason for not wanting to attend a football game was that if he was interested in watching a football game he was much more comfortable staying home and watching it in his basement on his flat screen television with the added benefit of being able to watch re-plays. After reviewing his answers, I realized that it sounded like his reasons were based off how he visualized an NFL experience due to his reasons being the cost and because it was an all-day event. I assumed that he was not referring to a college football experience. Based off his responses, I wanted to create reasons that went against what he said that would make it uncomfortable and hard for him to say no. As the experience of dissonance is unpleasant, we are motivated to reduce or eliminate it, and achieve consonance (i.e. agreement) (McLeod 2008). My goal was to make his reasons irrelevant to this event. If a person is induced to do or say something which is contrary to his private opinion, thereShow MoreRelatedThe Blind Side Character Analysis1395 Words   |  6 Pagesthis relationship, the interpersonal needs, conflict style, and the nonverbal communication shine in the relationships between the Tuohy family and Michael.The three interpersonal needs are the need for inclusion, need for control, and the need for affection(â€Å"William Schutz PH.D. and the Interpersonal Needs Theory.†2015). The theory behind interpersonal needs is how well a relationship is sustained by the three basic needs(â€Å"William Schutz PH.D. and the Interpersonal Needs Theory.†2015). Looking intoRead MoreSocial Medi Bringing Us Together Or Tearing Us Apart?1099 Words   |  5 PagesSocial Media: Bringing Us Together or Tearing Us Apart? BUSN110 ESSAY Carried out by: Elena Sanchez- Migallon Paris ID: S00192032 Professor: Waleed Ibrahim 15/4/2015 The accessibility of the new information technology has led that social structures change, and with it the ways of relating to others. With this process of change has created what is known as virtual communities, Rheingold defined the virtual communities as a group of social aggregates which arises from internet when a groupRead MoreSocial Penetration Theory And Uncertainty Reduction Theory1647 Words   |  7 Pages Communications Theory Final paper Thomas Berry Central Michigan University Social Penetration Theory and Uncertainty Reduction Theory The theories I will focus on in this essay is Social Penetration Theory and Uncertainty Reduction Theory. The reason I choose both these theories focus on initial interactions with stingers and how relationships develop. The social penetration theory is an objective theory (A First Look at Communication, page 93) uses the example of peeling an onionRead MoreThe Movie I Have Selected Is A Romantic Drama Written By Nicholas Sparks1167 Words   |  5 Pagesby Nick Cassavetes based on the novel The Notebook. This movie developed many different relationships of being friends, lovers, and family. In this movie the concepts of interpersonal communication was used in many ways. So aspects will be their verbal communication, reading, understanding and listening. Interpersonal communication is not only to receive a message but also to understand what someone else is trying to say. The message that someone sends is not always the message that some may understandRead More Essential Workplace Sk ills Essay example1596 Words   |  7 PagesThe skills that I am referring to are Oral and Written Communication, Interpersonal, and Teamwork skill. These sets of skills have been identified US dept of Labor and other universities and learning Centers as the essential skills every person needs. Oral and Written Communication skills are two of the most important skills a person could have in the workplace. Without the ability to effectively communicate or understand communication in written or auditory form taking and giving directionRead MoreSocial Penetration Theory Of Interpersonal Relationships1348 Words   |  6 PagesThe social penetration theory and cost-benefit theory are applicable to most interpersonal relationships and valuable to the field of communication studies. While they are simple in concept, analyzing the way a relationship functions according to these theories is intriguing in its own right. Both theories describe interpersonal communication tendencies in a variety of settings. In the case of one of my own relationships, the social penetration theory and cost-benefit theory help explain how the relationshipRead MoreCommunications Psychology: Communication Behavior in Groups905 Words   |  4 PagesIntroduction For groups to operate effectively, communication is essential. In basic terms, effective group communication is critical for purposes of enhancing sharing of information, consensus building as well as plan implementation. This discussion will, amongst other things, concern itself with communication behavior in groups. How Groups Form It is important to note that when it comes to how groups form, one of the most conclusive frameworks explaining the same was formulated by BruceRead MoreThe s Role Of The American Nurse Association ( Ana )713 Words   |  3 Pageswould later become her seminal work, Interpersonal Relations in Nursing, published in 1952 (Canor 2006). While in her career she advocated for nurses and believed they should be further educated so they could provide therapeutic care to patients rather than baseline care that nurses were practicing. She also taught interpersonal concepts, interviewing techniques, individual, family and group therapy. Dr. Peplau’s interpersonal relationship theory emphasized the nurse-client relationshipRead MoreHow Interpersonal Skills Are The Basis Of Effective Management1376 Words   |  6 PagesThe ability to use Interpersonal skills and communication, and motivation to lead and achieve effective business management. Interpersonal skills, are a set of important life skills which we use in our day-to-day life in different scenarios, professional or personal, any individual will be using these skills when there is interaction or communication with other humans. In this essay I will discuss how interpersonal skills are the basis of effective management and how motivation plays a critical roleRead MoreEssay about When Harry Met Sally1673 Words   |  7 PagesThe film â€Å"When Harry Met Sally† is rife with examples of interpersonal communication victories and utter failures. The main characters- Harry Burns played by Billy Crystal and Sally Albright played by Meg Ryan- are captive to each other’s company during a car ride from Chicago to New York and quickly find they maintain very opposite viewpoints on much of life, especially relationships between men and women. The premise for the argument and the remainder of the film is the disagreement as to whether

Marketing and Market Segmentation - Targeting and Positioning

Question: Discuss about a Article of Marketing and Market Segmentation, Targeting and Positioning. Answer: The purpose of this report is to discuss the article for marketing, segmentation and targeting. The area of STP or segmentation, targeting and positioning is the basis of the entire marketing strategy of firm. Therefore, it would be interesting to study the concepts of segmentation, targeting and positioning. In the article, author argues that segmentation, targeting and positioning should be the first step towards the marketing strategy (Kumar Zia, 2016). The elements of marketing like Product, Price, Place and Promotion are determined based on the selection of segmentation, targeting and positioning. Therefore, it is important that the organization should be smart while selecting the segmentation, targeting and positioning strategy. This article explains the concepts of segmentation, targeting and positioning and how thee concepts are the basis of the marketing strategy. The author argued that while developing the marketing strategy, segmentation should be the first step for organizations (Kumar Zia, 2016). Once the organization has divided the markets into different segments, the next step for organization should be targeting. Once the organization has a defined target market, the next step for the organization should be to define a positioning strategy that could be used to reach out to customers (Schlegelmilch, 2016). I have learned a lot from this article. I have learned that segmentation, targeting and positioning should be the first step towards the marketing strategy. I have learned that the organizations should practice segmentation, targeting and positioning in this order to have a strong marketing strategy in place. References Kumar, N.S. and Zia, M., 2016. A Three Dimensional Vertical Differentiation Model: Implications for Segmentation, Targeting and Positioning.Targeting and Positioning (April 3, 2016). Retrieved from: https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2758430 Schlegelmilch, B.B., 2016. Segmenting Targeting and Positioning in Global Markets. InGlobal Marketing Strategy(pp. 63-82). Springer International Publishing. Retrieved from: https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-319-26279-6_4

Opposing Viewpoints Abortion Essay Example

Opposing Viewpoints: Abortion Essay Appendix E Critical Analysis Forms Fill out one form for each source. Source 1 The â€Å"Necessary Evil† Argument Does Not Justify Abortion Forsythe, Clarke D. The Necessary Evil Argument Does Not Justify Abortion. Opposing Viewpoints: Abortion. Ed. Mary E. Williams. San Diego: Greenhaven Press, 2002. Opposing Viewpoints Resource Center. Gale. Apollo Library-Univ of Phoenix. 9 Jan. 2010 . 1 Identify the principal issue presented by the source. The myths behind â€Å"Necessary Evil† of abortions and how referring to these abortions as â€Å"necessary evils† attempts to put minds at ease from a moral standpoint. Identify any examples of bias presented by the author. If none exist, explain how you determined this. I believe no bias exist; he appears to show both sides of the abortion topic Example 1: â€Å"The myth of abortion as a necessary evil has serious implications for future public debate. First, it means that abortion opponents have won the essential debat e that the unborn is a human being and not mere tissue. † Example 2: he states â€Å"Second, it means that the ideological arguments of both sides (â€Å"choice† versus â€Å"child†) often miss the much more practical concerns of Americans. There are other examples but these are just two 3 Identify any areas that are vague or ambiguous. If none exist, explain how you determined this. I feel Mr. Forsythe was very to the point in his paper; I feel he made strong clear points. 4 Do you find the source credible? Explain your reasoning. Yes, I believe the source to be credible. He stated his opinion but stated both sides of the argument and used good research. 5 Identify and name any rhetorical devices used by the author. If none exist, explain how you determined this. No I feel there was no rhetorical devices used due to the fact he kept everything on the level and only gave to the point facts. 6 Identify and name any fallacies used by the author. If none exist, explain how you determined this. If any fallacy was used, I believe it would be Begging the Question due to the way he used what he called myths to make his argument 7 State one argument made by the author. â€Å"First, it means that abortion opponents have won the essential debate that the unborn is a human being and not mere tissue. We will write a custom essay sample on Opposing Viewpoints: Abortion specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Opposing Viewpoints: Abortion specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Opposing Viewpoints: Abortion specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer In fact, the whole thrust of the choice argument admits this and seeks to sideline Americans moral qualms by telling Americans that, even if it is a human life, the most that can be done is to persuade women not to have abortions. † 8 Identify the premises and conclusion of the argument. Premises – â€Å"Instead, many Americans, therefore, may see abortion as necessary to avert the back alley. In this sense, the notion of legal abortion as a necessary evil is based on a series of myths widely disseminated since the 1960s. These myths captured the public mind and have yet to be rebutted. Conclusion – â€Å"But a renewal of the public dialogue wont mean much if the people are not allowed to express the public will on this issue, as they usually do in our democratic republic. In 1973, the Supreme Court claimed hegemony over the issue and created a nationwide rule of abortion on demand, preventing democratic debate and solutions. The public policy dictated by the S upreme Court collides with majority opinion and reflects the views of only the 20 percent who are committed to abortion on demand. More than twenty-six years later, that is the main reason the pot keeps boiling. † 9 Is the author’s argument valid or invalid, sound or unsound, strong or weak? Explain how you determined this. Valid – Conclusion is proven Sound – Premise is true Strong – Conclusion is supported 10 Does the author use moral reasoning? If not, explain how you determined this. Yes his whole basis and reasoning behind the project is due to his moral beliefs. I believe he used sound judgment, strong points, and stated his facts well. Source 2 Title and Citation: Partial Birth Abortions Should Be Banned Deem, Rich. Partial-Birth Abortions Should Be Banned. Current Controversies: The Abortion Controversy. Ed. Emma Bernay. Detroit: Greenhaven Press, 2007. Opposing Viewpoints Resource Center. Gale. Apollo Library-Univ of Phoenix. 9 Jan. 2010 . 1 Identify the principal issue presented by the source. Arguing against Partial Birth Abortions and the ethics behind it, whether or not the babies feel pain and if its truly murder 2 Identify any examples of bias presented by the author. If none exist, explain how you determined this. There is definite bias in this article. The author definitely states his side by clearly stating how the partial births take place and his views on it. Identify any areas that are vague or ambiguous. If none exist, explain how you determined this. I found no areas vague but I had a hard time reading this so absolutely nothing appeared vague to me. All arguments seem to be very clearly and strongly presented. 4 Do you find the source credible? Explain your reasoning. Yes I find it credible. Rich Deem, the author has worked in basic science research for years and is c urrently working at Cedars-Sinai MC as a researcher/specialist; therefore, he has the experience and documents statistics and credible sources. 5 Identify and name any rhetorical devices used by the author. If none exist, explain how you determined this. Using the word â€Å"gruesome† plus the way he discussed the procedure I believe is rhetorical. 6 Identify and name any fallacies used by the author. If none exist, explain how you determined this. An Appeal to Belief would be the only fallacy I might would agree to due to Rich Deem stating as strongly as he has the facts. 7 State one argument made by the author. This procedure is closer to infanticide than it is to abortion. 8 Identify the premises and conclusion of the argument. Premise – â€Å"A description of the procedure and why it is never medically necessary follows† Conclusion – â€Å"Intact DX (partial-birth abortion) should not be performed because it is needlessly risky, inhumane, and ethically unacceptable. This procedure is closer to infanticide than it is to abortion. † 9 Is the author’s argument valid or invalid, sound or unsound, strong or weak? Explain how you determined this. Valid – Conclusion is proven Sound – Premise is true Strong – Conclusion is supported 10 Does the author use moral reasoning? If not, explain how you determined this. Yes, Rich Deem uses moral reasoning showing why Partial Birth Abortions should be banned through stating the steps of these abortions and how the babies feel the pain and it is dangerous for the mother. Also stating how it could not be used for mothers’ lives being endangered due to the pregnancy because of the length of time it takes to perform this practice due to the dilation process needed to take place. Source 3 Title and Citation: A Christian Group Finds Its Place Luo, Michael. A Christian Group Finds Its Place in the Public Schools. (Metropolitan Desk). The New York Times. May 24, 2006): B5(L). Opposing Viewpoints Resource Center. Gale. Apollo Library-Univ of Phoenix. 5 Jan. 2010 . 1 Identify the principal issue presented by the source. The conflict between Separation of Church and State and how some people are offended by Christianity. 2 Identify any examples of bias presented by the author. If none exist, explain how you determined this. I saw absolutely no bias what soever by the author; the author appeared to have no feelings on this subject whatsoever and was only reporting a story. 3 Identify any areas that are vague or ambiguous. If none exist, explain how you determined this. I saw nothing vague or ambiguous. I saw absolutely nothing but an article reporting the facts and only the facts. 4 Do you find the source credible? Explain your reasoning. Yes, the author spoke to the sources involved in the case and reported their story. 5 Identify and name any rhetorical devices used by the author. If none exist, explain how you determined this. I saw nothing rhetorical and not sure how to explain it other than I just really saw nothing period in the story. 6 Identify and name any fallacies used by the author. If none exist, explain how you determined this. I found no fallacies, again I’m not sure how to explain this other than the fact this article was written as a report and nothing more. I saw no true feelings in this story. 7 State one argument made by the author. School administrators must also wrestle with difficult questions about where the right to religious expression ends and the separation of church and state begins. 8 Identify the premises and conclusion of the argument. Premises – â€Å"But evangelism in a public high school, especially in New York City, can be complicated. In a school like Stuyvesant, full of people with different beliefs and some with none at all, belonging to an evangelical group like Seekers can make members the objects of scorn from classmates and even teachers. † Conclusion – â€Å"The event drew to a close with a final musical number. But by then there were mostly only Seekers members remaining. Gone were the unbelieving friends many had invited. Gone were those on the fringes of the group who had come. The people left were family. They danced and sang together. † 9 Is the author’s argument valid or invalid, sound or unsound, strong or weak? Explain how you determined this. Invalid – A good premise not stated Unsound – Not a good, valid premises Weak No strong premises or conclusion 10 Does the author use moral reasoning? If not, explain how you determined this. The author used no reasoning whatsoever; he author only used comments made by others in the article and from the Separation of Church and State. The author appeared to have no real opinion in this article at all. Source 4 Title and Citation: School Prayer Threatens Religious Liberty Americans United for Separation of Church and State. School Prayer Threatens Religious Liberty. Current Controversies: Civil Liberties. Ed. James D. Torr. San Diego: Greenhaven Press, 2003. Opposing Viewpoints Resource Center. Gale. Apollo Library-Univ of Phoenix. 5 Jan. 2010 . 1 Identify the principal issue presented by the source. Has Religion truly been thrown out of schools completely due to Separation of Church and State. 2 Identify any examples of bias presented by the author. If none exist, explain how you determined this. I saw no bias as it was hard at times to tell which side of the fence the author was on. Identify any areas that are vague or ambiguous. If none exist, explain how you determined this. I saw no vague or ambiguous areas; all topics were clearly stated 4 Do you find the source credible? Explain your reasoning. Yes, various sources were mentioned and quoted 5 Identify and name any rhetorical devices used by the author. If none exist, explain how you determined this. Some Religious Right activists charge that the courts have misinterpreted the First Amendment to remove all traces of religion from the classroom. 6 Identify and name any fallacies used by the author. If none exist, explain how you determined this. Fallacy Begging the Question – truth of conclusion is claimed 7 State one argument made by the author. ‘Has the Bible been excluded from school curriculum? In reality, the answer to these questions is no. ’ 8 Identify the premises and conclusion of the argument. Premises . â€Å"Some Religious Right activists charge that the courts have misinterpreted the First Amendment to remove all traces of religion from the classroom. Conclusion – â€Å"Indeed, most religious denominations, ranging across the theological spectrum, have issued formal statements supporting the Supreme Courts prayer and Bible-reading decisions. These people of faith value the hard-won freedom of conscience that belongs to all of us. † 9 Is the author’s argument valid or invalid, sound or unsound, strong or weak? Explain how you determined this. Valid – Conclusion is proven Sound – Premise is true Strong – Conclusion is supported 10 Does the author use moral reasoning? If not, explain how you determined this. Yes I believe the author uses moral reasoning behind his facts